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Session 072

Session 072. New Alkalinity Sensor Technology Provides Improved Ocean Acidification Insights: Local, Regional, and International Results.

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Session 072

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  1. Session 072 New Alkalinity Sensor Technology Provides Improved Ocean Acidification Insights: Local, Regional, and International Results Chris Hunta,b, Joe Salisburya,b, Doug Vandemarka,b, William Mookc, Peer Fietzekd, Jacob Sobind, Steffen Aßmannd, Thomas Olivere, Charles Younge, Melissa Melendez Oyolaa,b ASLO Summer Meeting, Victoria BC, June 10-15, 2018 b c d a e

  2. TAACT - Tracking ocean Alkalinity and Acidification using new Carbon measurement Technologies– NOAA OAP/OTTP • Primary Investigator: Joe Salisbury, UNH Collaborators: • Steffen Aßmann, Jacob Sobin, Peer Fietzek, Carsten Frank, Kongsberg Maritime- CONTROS • Jonathan Hare and Chris Melrose, NOAA NMFS Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Narragansett, RI • William Mook and Meredith White, Mook Sea Farms • Ru Morrison, Northeastern Regional Association of Coastal and Ocean Observing Systems • Douglas Vandemark and Christopher W. Hunt, UNH • RikWanninkhof, NOAA AOML

  3. Outline • Total alkalinity introduction • TAACT Project • Why alkalinity? • Instrument description and performance • Ocean Acidification data for variety of users • Future project goals • Conclusions

  4. What is alkalinity, and why is it important? “the number of moles of hydrogen ion equivalent to the excess of proton acceptors over proton donors…” (Dickson 1981) The capacity of ocean water to neutralize acid OR The chemical buffering capacity of the ocean.

  5. TAACT Goals 1. Establish baseline data and autonomous techniques for OA data collection to support offshore fisheries and climate applications 2. Document nearshore OA variability for use in aquaculture and coastal management applications 3. Determine suitable and sufficient OA measurement best practices for the Northeast region UNH CML TAACT Implementation Mook SF • Phase 1- Evaluation and modification • at UNH Coastal Marine Lab • Phase 2- Deployment at Mook Sea Farm • Phase 3- Deployment aboard RV Bigelow 2017 (and beyond) • Phase 4- Outreach, product development, other deployment opportunities RV Bigelow

  6. Why Total Alkalinity? • Good “second parameter” to pair with pCO2- TA (among DIC and pH) offers low uncertainty for the estimation of carbonate ion concentration (c.f. Riebesell et al., 2010) • TA is an important “sum-parameter” of ion buffering capacity • Being a relatively conservative quantity (regarding T and P), TA is furthermore a desired input parameter for biogeochemical models. • TA variability also holds valuable information for biogeochemical analysis • Useful in calcification studies (ΔTA: ΔDIC is 2:1) • Salinity algorithm development, organic acid examinations, ecosystem examinations From Cornwall et al. 2015 From Cressey 2015

  7. ControsHydroFIA TA analyzer • Autonomous operation • Spectrophotometric, single-point alkalinity determination • 400 µmol range (~20% ocean TA) • Accuracy +/- 25 µmol/kg • Precision +/- 5 µmol/kg • Measurement cycle: 6.5 minutes From Aßmann and Fietzek 2016

  8. Phase 1- UNH Coastal Marine Laboratory – instrument evaluation

  9. Phase 1- UNH Coastal Marine Laboratory TAlk paired with pCO2 yields estimates of DIC, pH and Omega

  10. Phase 1- UNH Coastal Marine Laboratory – Omega Time Series Mean ΩAr = 1.5 (±0.2) 74.2% of measurements < 1.6 Mean Ω = 1.47 (± 0.02) Ω > 1 animals can make shell Ω >>1 easier to make shell (Langdon & Atkinson, 2005) Ω< 1 shell dissolves

  11. Phase 2- Mook Sea Farm • Located on Damariscotta River, Maine (largest region of oyster production in Maine) • Integrate with existing sensor array (including pCO2) • Train hatchery personnel in operation and maintenance • Collect long-term timeseries data for future product development • Provide real-time data and products for hatchery use

  12. Phase 2- Data products and services for a commercial hatchery operator Synthesized Data -Statistics -Timeseries -pH -ΩAr, ΩCa T-Alk Real-time data display Temperature Salinity pCO2 oxygen Daily emails

  13. Phase 3- HydroFIA TA Modifications • Add ability to assess (and maintain) accuracy over long, unsupervised deployment • Integrate host platform data feed • Simplify operation for shipboard personnel (one-button operation) Computer for instrument control and data management

  14. Phase 3- RV Henry Bigelow 2017 East Coast Surveys Can we use these data to retrieve T-Alk from other measurements over bread scales, i.e. Satellite SST and salinity?

  15. Why is our Gulf of Maine T-Alk regression different? On average, UNH estimates T-Alk higher than Lee et al. by 13 µmol/kg, and Cai et al. by 8 µmol/kg. Why??

  16. Why is our Gulf of Maine T-Alk regression different? Two potential drivers: 1) an unprecedented warming In the last decade the Gulf of Maine has warmed faster than 99.9% of the world’s ocean. Pershing et al. 2015

  17. Why is our Gulf of Maine T-Alk regression different? 2) The warming was accompanied by and increase in salinity of ~1.2 Note that 1 salinity unit changes T-Alk (and perhaps DIC) by 40-60 µmol/kg Recent salinity changes in the Northwest Atlantic (Grodsky et al, 2017)

  18. Phase 4- Opportunistic Puerto Rico reef surveys • March and November 2017, March 2018 • Overnight shoreside/bay/reef timeseries • Integrated HydroFIA with UNH underway system(including pCO2)

  19. Phase 4- Pacific Coral Reef Survey • American Samoa and Rose Atoll Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program • Instrument installation aboard NOAA Hi’ialakai • ~3 month deployment https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/science_operations/downloads/american_samoa_ecosystem_and_fisheries_research_prioritization_workshop/vargas-angel_noaa_coral_reef_ecosystem_division_integrated_research_overview_26may2015.pdf

  20. Next Projects- Chukchi and Beaufort Sea survey • USCG Cutter Healy • 3-week survey of Distributed Biological Observatory sites 2018 http://arcticspring.org/the-healy 2019+?? 2018 https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/itae/follow-saildrone-2017 Courtesy Jessica Cross, NOAA -PMEL

  21. Conclusions • Instrument performance matches or exceeds manufacturer specifications • With modest modification performs reliably in shoreside installations along dynamic coastal environments • But, filtration and regular maintenance are still important • Also operates reliably in continuous underway deployment • Ability to assess stability over long deployments is valuable • Future upgrades should further enhance instrument performance • Adds new capability to spatial efforts Questions?

  22. References • Steffen Aßmann, Peer Fietzek. 2016. Determination of Seawater Carbonate System Parameters: CO2, TA, pH. 7thFerrybix Meeting in Heraklion, Crete, April 7 2016. • Anderson, D.H., Robinson, R.J., 1946. Rapid Electrometric Determination of Alkalinity of Sea Water Using Glass Electrode. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 18, 767–769. doi:10.1021/i560160a011 • Cornwall, C.E., Hurd, C.L., 2015. Experimental design in ocean acidification research: problems and solutions. ICES J. Mar. Sci. fsv118. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv118 • Cressey, D., 2015. Crucial ocean-acidification models come up short. Nature 524, 18–19. doi:10.1038/524018a • Dickson, A.G., 1981. An exact definition of total alkalinity and a procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and total inorganic carbon from titration data. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 28, 609–623. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(81)90121-7 • Gripenberg, S., 1960. On the Alkalinity of Baltic Waters. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer 26, 5–20. doi:10.1093/icesjms/26.1.5 • Key, R.M., Kozyr, A., Sabine, C.L., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, R., Bullister, J.L., Feely, R.A., Millero, F.J., Mordy, C., Peng, T.-H., 2004. A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Global Biogeochem. Cycles 18, GB4031. doi:10.1029/2004GB002247 • Land, P.E., Shutler, J.D., Findlay, H.S., Girard-Ardhuin, F., Sabia, R., Reul, N., Piolle, J.-F., Chapron, B., Quilfen, Y., Salisbury, J., Vandemark, D., Bellerby, R., Bhadury, P., 2015. Salinity from Space Unlocks Satellite-Based Assessment of Ocean Acidification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 1987–1994. doi:10.1021/es504849s

  23. References • Lee, K., Tong, L.T., Millero, F.J., Sabine, C.L., Dickson, A.G., Goyet, C., Park, G.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R.A., Key, R.M., 2006. Global relationships of total alkalinity with salinity and temperature in surface waters of the world’s oceans. Geophysical Research Letters 33. doi:10.1029/2006GL027207 • McLaughlin, K., Weisberg, S., Dickson, A., Hofmann, G., Newton, J., Aseltine-Neilson, D., Barton, A., Cudd, S., Feely, R., Jefferds, I., Jewett, E., King, T., Langdon, C., McAfee, S., Pleschner-Steele, D., Steele, B., 2015. Core Principles of the California Current Acidification Network: Linking Chemistry, Physics, and Ecological Effects. Oceanography 25, 160–169. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2015.39 • Millero, F.J., Lee, K., Roche, M., 1998. Distribution of alkalinity in the surface waters of the major oceans. Marine Chemistry 60, 111–130. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00084-4 • Park, P.K., Webster, G.R., Yamamoto, R., 1969. Alkalinity Budget of the Columbia River1. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14, 559–567. doi:10.4319/lo.1969.14.4.0559 • Pershing, A. J., M. A. Alexander, C. M. Hernandez, and others. 2015. Slow adaptation in the face of rapid warming leads to collapse of the Gulf of Maine cod fishery. Science 350: 809–812. doi:10.1126/science.aac9819 • Salisbury, J., Vandemark, D., Jönsson, B., Balch, W., Chakraborty, S., Lohrenz, S., Chapron, B., Hales, B., Mannino, A., Mathis, J., Reul, N., Signorini, S., Wanninkhof, R., Yates, K., 2015. How Can Present and Future Satellite Missions Support Scientific Studies that Address Ocean Acidification? Oceanography 25, 108–121. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2015.35 • Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S.C., Chipman, D.W., Goddard, J.G., Ho, C., Newberger, T., Sweeney, C., Munro, D.R., 2014. Climatological distributions of pH, pCO2, total CO2, alkalinity, and CaCO3 saturation in the global surface ocean, and temporal changes at selected locations. Marine Chemistry 164, 95–125. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2014.06.004

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