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Chapter 1:

Chapter 1:. Introduction to the Human Body. Anatomy or physiology. The skull and vertebral column is part of the axial skeleton. The cerebral cortex consists of 4 lobes: frontal , parietal, temporal, occipital Skeletal muscles pull on bones, creating forces that produce body motion

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Chapter 1:

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  1. Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body

  2. Anatomy or physiology • The skull and vertebral column is part of the axial skeleton. • The cerebral cortex consists of 4 lobes: frontal , parietal, temporal, occipital • Skeletal muscles pull on bones, creating forces that produce body motion • The stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are chambers of the digestive tract.

  3. Anatomy or physiology? • Receptors of the eye and ear detect environmental changes for the respective senses of vision and hearing. • Antidiuretic hormone, secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates water reabsorbtion in the kidney.

  4. Anatomy – Study of structure or morphology of the body. Physiology The study of how the body works or functions Pathophysiology – how a body part functions when a person has a disease Anatomy and Physiology

  5. II. Levels of Organization • From simple to complex • Atom • molecule • Large molecules • Cells – basic unit of life • Tissues – groups of specialized cells • Organs – has a specific function • Organ systems – groups of organs • Human organism

  6. III. Organs and Organ systems Major organ systems

  7. Integument System • Skin, hair and nails • Protection • Regulate body temperature • Sense of touch

  8. Skeletal System • Bones, joints, cartilage • Protects and supports body organs

  9. Muscular System • Responsible for movement of skeleton • posture

  10. Nervous System • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs • Integration and coordination • Regulation and response

  11. Endocrine System • Glands • Secrete hormones and chemicals to regulate body activities

  12. Circulatory System • Heart and blood vessels • Transports blood

  13. Lymphatic System • Lymph nodes • Defend the body • immunity

  14. Respiratory System • Lungs • Exchange of gases with the environment

  15. Digestive System • Convert food to nutrients • Absorb nutrients • Eliminate waste

  16. Urinary System • Kidneys • Excrete waste • Formation of urine

  17. Reproductive System • Enable the human to reproduce

  18. Homeostasis: • Maintenance of a constant condition in the internal environment • Internal environment: extra cellular fluid surrounding our cells • Homois = same, stasis= standing • Examples: body temperature, water balance, ion balance, glucose levels, pH

  19. Maintaining Homeostasis • Nervous System and the endocrine system • Negative Feedback Response – a stimulus is met by a response that reverses the trend of the stimulus

  20. Receptors: Detect stimuli, deviation from normal Component of internal environment Regulatory mechanisms

  21. Negative Feedback Response

  22. Anatomical Terms Directional Terminology

  23. Anatomical Position • Face Forward • Arms at side • Palms forward • Feet forward

  24. 1. Prone and Supine • Supine: lying face up • Referring to hand – palms forward • Prone: lying face down • Referring to hand – palms are back

  25. 2. Anterior (ventral) vs. Posterior (dorsal) • Anterior - Referring to front of body • Posterior – back side of body

  26. Superior vs. inferior • Superior – refers to structures above another • Inferior – refers to a structure below another

  27. Medial vs. Lateral • Medial – located closer to midline • Lateral – located away from midline

  28. Proximal vs. distal • Proximal – located closer to the point of origin • Distal – located away or “distant” from the point of origin.

  29. Body Planes: • Sagittal: • Vertically through the body • Divides body into left and right portions

  30. Frontal or Coronal Plane • Extends vertically • Perpendicular to sagittal plane • Divides body into anterior and posterior halves

  31. Transverse Plane or Horizontal plane • Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

  32. Body Cavities • Dorsal body cavity • Cranial cavity – superior, hollow portion of skull, brain located • Spinal cavity – contains the spinal cord, vertebrae make up cavity

  33. Ventral Body Cavity • Ventral body cavity • Thoracic cavity • Superior to diaphragm • Contents: Plural cavity (lungs) • Mediastinum – chest cavity space • Contents: pericardial cavity (heart), upper respiratory tract, esophagus, major blood vessels, thymus gland

  34. Ventral Body Cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity • Inferior to diaphragm • Abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen. Pancreas, small intestine, part of large intestine

  35. Ventral Body Cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity • Pelvic cavity: rest of large intestine, bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

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