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AIR POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION. INDUSTRIAL NOx REMOVAL. What is Air Pollution ?. The Importance Of Air Other planets have sunlight, but the Earth is the only planet we know that has air and water. Without air and water, the Earth would be unable to sustain life.

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AIR POLLUTION

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  1. AIR POLLUTION INDUSTRIAL NOx REMOVAL

  2. What is AirPollution? The Importance Of Air • Other planets have sunlight, but the Earth is the only planet we know that has air and water. Without air and water, the Earth would be unable to sustain life. • A diverse community of plant and animal life has thrived on this planet for millions of years, sustained by the sun and supported by the soil, water and air. Definition Of Air Pollution • Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes or odour in harmful amounts. That is, amounts which could be harmful to the health or comfort of humans and animals or which could cause damage to plants and materials. • The substances that cause air pollution are called pollutants. Pollutants that are pumped into our atmosphere and directly pollute the air are called primary pollutants. Primary pollutant examples include carbon monoxide from car exhausts and sulfur dioxide from the combustion of coal. • Further pollution can arise if primary pollutants in the atmosphere undergo chemical reactions. The resulting compounds are called secondary pollutants. Photochemical smog is an example of this.

  3. The NO molecule; The NO molecule was first discovered by Joseph Priestley in 1772, the same person who previously had discovered the oxygen molecule . Under atmospheric conditions, NO appears as a clear, colourless gas. NO is present in the atmosphere as a result of human activities such as the emission of waste gas from combustion processes using fossil fuels, burning biomass, but also from natural sources like soil emissions. NO plays an important role in the formation of photochemical smog andacidrain. NO is not only a dangerous pollutant, but it is also an essential molecule for living species. NO is produced in nature by animal and plant cells from the amino acid, Larginine In 1992, NO was named molecule of the year by the journal Science and in 1998, the Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded for the discovery of the effects of NO in living organisms. Due to its small dimensions, the molecule is able to pass through cell membranes and it can serve as a signalling agent .For example, in mammals, NO helps to maintain blood pressure within certain limits by dilating blood vessels and it plays a role in the regulation of the immune system. It also plays a role in controlling the penile erection, by taking part in the enzymatic pathway responsible for the relaxation of blood vessels. As a matter of fact, Viagra® amplifies the NO effect in this process .Inside the brain, NO can contribute to the formation of memory and it plays a role in the communication between neurones. Recently, it has been discovered that NO is able to block a protein involved in Parkinson.s disease providing new pathways for treatment methodologies.

  4. NOxsources • Natural Sources - Lighting Bolts: A natural source of nitrogen oxides occurs from a lightning stroke. The very high temperature in the vicinity of a lightning bolt causes the gases oxygen and nitrogen in the air to react to form nitric oxide. N2 + O2 --> NO The nitric oxide very quickly reacts with more oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide. NO + O2 --> NO2 Both of the nitrogen compounds are known collectively as nitrogen oxides or NOx. • Human Sources of Nitrogen Oxides: At normal temperatures the oxygen and nitrogen gases do not react together. In the presence of very high temperatures nitrogen and oxygen do react together to form nitric oxide. These conditions are found in the combustion of coal and oil at electric power plants, and also during the combustion of gasoline in automobiles. Both of these sources contribute about equally to the formation of nitrogen oxides. In areas of high automobile traffic, such as in large cities, the amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere can be quite significant. In the Los Angeles area, the main source of acid rain is from automobiles. In certain national parks such as Yosemite and Sequoia, automobile traffic is banned to limit the amount of air pollution damage to the trees and plants. This also has the effect of reducing the visual smog in the air.

  5. WHY SHOULD WE CONTROL NOx? NOx represent a family of seven compounds. Actually, EPA regulates only nitrogen dioxide(NO2) as a surrogate for this family of compounds because it is the most prevalent form of Noxin the atmosphere that is generated by anthropogenic (human) activities. NO2 is not only animportant air pollutant by itself, but also reacts in the atmosphere to form ozone (O3) and acidrain. It is important to note that the ozone that we want to minimize is tropospheric ozone; thatis, ozone in the ambient air that we breathe. We are not talking about stratospheric ozone in theupper atmosphere that we cannot breathe. Stratospheric ozone protects us and the tropospherefrom ionizing radiation coming from the sun.

  6. AQAST research highlightsNASA Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument shows decreasing NO2 between 2005 and 2010 by Bryan Duncan

  7. Yeniköy • Yeni Kaptan • İzmit-Anıtpark • Köseköy • Körfez-Tüpraş • Körfez-İgsaş • Körfez-Petkim • Değirmendere • Sopalı • Yuvam

  8. RemovalTechniques • prevention of NOx formation during the combustion process; • removal of NOx in the flue gas (end-of-pipe) 1) Nitrogen Oxide Removal During Combustion • StagedCombustion • FludizedBedCombustion 2) Nitrogen Oxide Removal After Combustion • NOxprevention • End of pipe NOx removal technologies: SCR and SNCR • NO removalusingmicro-organisms • NO removal using wet absorption with metal chelates

  9. StagedCombustion

  10. FludizedBedCombustion

  11. 1) NOxPrevention

  12. 2)Schematic representation of the SCR process. NH3 liquid is vaporized before beingmixed with the flue gas

  13. 3) NO Removal Using Micro-Organisms

  14. 4) NO RemovalUsing Wet Absorptionwith MetalChelates

  15. Çimento, Kireç veMagnezyumOksit İmalat SanayilerindeMevcut En İyi Teknikler Referans DokümanıMayıs 2010 http://www.tcma.org.tr/images/file/IPPC.pdf

  16. BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) FOR NOx FOR EXISTING BASELOAD UK COAL UNITS >300MW http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/UKTWG13_Final_NOx_baseload_coal.pdf

  17. Improvement Options NOx http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/UKTWG13_Final_NOx_baseload_coal.pdf

  18. Limit değerler, değerlendirme ve uyarı eşikleri

  19. TheEmissionValues of Solid Fuel www.mevzuat.gov.tr

  20. TheEmissionValues of Liquid Fuel www.mevzuat.gov.tr

  21. TheEmissionValues of GasFuel www.mevzuat.gov.tr

  22. EPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for NO2 andtropospheric ozone. The NAAQS define levels of air quality that are necessary, withareasonable margin of safety, to protect public health (primary standard) and public welfare(secondary standard) from any known or anticipated adverse effects of pollution. The primaryand secondary standard for NO2 is 0.053 parts per million (ppm) (100 micrograms per cubicmeter), annual arithmetic mean concentration. Tropospheric ozone has been and continues to be a significant air pollution problem in theUnited States and is the primary constituent of smog. Large portions of the country do not meetthe ozone NAAQS and thereby expose large segments of the population to unhealthy levels ofozone in the air. NO2 reacts in the presence of air and ultraviolet light (UV) in sunlight to formozone and nitric oxide (NO). The NO then reacts with free radicals in the atmosphere, which arealso created by the UV acting on volatile organic compounds (VOC). The free radicals thenrecycle NO to NO2. In this way, each molecule of NO can produce ozone multiple times.40 Thiswill continue until the VOC are reduced to short chains of carbon compounds that cease to be photo reactive (a reaction caused by light). A VOC molecule can usually do this about 5 times. In addition to the NO2 and Ozone NAAQS concerns, NOx and sulfur oxides (SOx) in the2atmosphere are captured by moisture to form acid rain. Acid rain, along with cloud and drydeposition, severely affects certain ecosystems and directly affects some segments of oureconomy. All of these facts indicate an obvious need to reduce NOx emissions. However, tosuccessfully do so, we must understand the generation and control of the NOx family of airpollutants.

  23. Thetechniquewhich SANTA uses

  24. REFERENCES • www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.14027&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%20yakma%20tesisleri • http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.12188&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=hava kalitesi • http://www.santa.com.tr/YONERGE/NOx-emisyonu.pdf • http://www.epa.gov/ttncatc1/dir1/fnoxdoc.pdf • http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/UKTWG13_Final_NOx_baseload_coal.pdf • http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/UKTWG6_Final_NOx_midmerit.pdf • http://www.tcma.org.tr/images/file/IPPC.pdf • http://web.deu.edu.tr/fmd/s18/18-08.pdf • http://www.oecd.org/environment/indicators-modelling-outlooks/31558547.pdf

  25. ThanksforListening Zeynep AKTOSUN 21024334 Bağdat İlkay İLOĞLU 21024683

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