Chapter 3: Early Humans 8000 B.C.-2000 B.C .

1. Chapter 3: Early Humans 8000 B.C.-2000 B.C. Lesson 1: Hunters-Gatherers

2. The PaleolithicAge:2.5 million years ago-8000 B.C. Early human history is known as the Stone Age. Paleolithic means “old stone” in Greek. The Paleolithic Age is called the Old Stone Age because people used stone to make toolsand weapons. This is about 4,500 years before recorded time, which starts about 5,500 years ago.

3. Sites in Africa where archaeologists and historians found evidenceof modern human beings

4. Migration of early humans out of Africa

5. Nomads Nomadsare people who regularly move from place to place to survive, usually in groups of about 20-30 members. Nomads survived by following animalsto hunt such as: buffalo, bison, wild goats, reindeer, and fish. They also gatheredwild nuts, berries, fruits, wild grains, and green plants.

6. Paleolithic Animals

7. Nomads Men’sRoles Women’s Roles Stay closeto the camp, which was often near a body of water. Looked after the children. Searchednearby for berries, nuts, grains, fruit. *Some people believe that men and women hunted togetherforming the first families. • Hunt large animals – sometimes far away from camp • Developed tracking and hunting methods • At first, men drove animals over cliffs to kill them. Later they developed tools and weaponsfor hunting.

8. Nomads: Tools • Technology-the tools and methods to perform tasks-were first used by Paleolithic people. • Nomads discovered how to hitflint with rocks to create a sharp edge that could be used for cutting. • Hand axeswere large pieces of flint tied to wooden poles. • Later, more specializedtools such as spears, bows, arrows, fishhooks, and harpoons made hunting and fishing easier. • Toolswere also used to clean animal hides which were used for clothing and shelter. Animal boneswere used as needles to make nets, baskets, and clothing. • Eventually, farmingtools were developed and influenced where people settled.

11. Paleolithic: Changing to Survive ColdClimate Paleolithic: animal skin clothing, shelters in caves and rock overhangs

12. Paleolithic: Changing to Survive

13. Paleolithic: Changing to Survive Cold Climate Paleolithic: Gradually humans learned to make their own sheltersfrom ice and snow or bones from animals such as wooly mammoths.

14. Paleolithic: Changing to Survive WarmClimate Paleolithic: many lived in caves and huts that provided shelter against attacks by large animals.

15. Paleolithic: FireSparks Change It is believed that humans produced fire by rubbing two pieces of wood together. They would also strike rocks together that would create sparks. Once people learned how to make fire, it provided warmth, light in the dark, and could be used to scare away animals. Eventually fires were used to gather around and for cooking. Cooked meat tasted better and could be saved for later.

16. Paleolithic: Language & Art Time period when spoken language was developed to help early humans communicate. Early humans also expressed themselves through artworkfound on cave walls. Cave paintings have been found all over the world. Artists crushed yellow, black, and red rocks mixed with animal fat to make their paint and used their fingersfor painting.

22. Paleolithic Jewelry

23. The Ice Ages The Ice Ages were long periods of extreme cold that affected all of Earth. The most recent began 100,000 years ago. The increased ice caused the sea levels to dropexposing a dry strip of landconnecting the continents of Asia and North America. This strip of land is known as a land bridge.

24. The Ice Ages To survive the Ice Age humans had to adaptby changing their diets to meals with more fats, build sturdier shelters, make warm clothing, and use fireto stay warm. The last Ice Age lasted about 90,000 years, ending between 9000 and 8000 B.C.

26. Neolithic Times Began about 8000 B.C. after the end of the Ice Age and lasted until around 4000 B.C. The word Neolithic is Greek for “new stone.” The real change in the Neolithic Age is the shift from hunting and gathering to systematicagriculturewhich means growing food on a regular basis. Animals were domesticated, or tame for human use.

28. Neolithic Age Historians call this settled farming the Agriculture Revolution. The production of cropsprovided steady food for humans and allowed for the populationto grow. Nomads gave up their way of life and began living in settled communities. Some historians consider this the most important eventin human history.

30. Neolithic Age: Widespread Farming 8000 B.C. – Southeast Asia: growing wheat and barley; domesticated pigs, cows, goats, and sheep. 8000-5000 B.C. –India area: wheat and barley crops 7000-5000 B.C.– Mexico and Central America: growing corn, squash, and potatoes; domesticated chickens and dogs 6000B.C. – Egypt: farming along the Nile River, grow tubars (including yams), and fruits 6000-5000 B.C. - China: growing millet, rice; domesticated dogs and pigs 4000 B.C.– Europe: farming was an established economic activity.

32. Life in the Neolithic Age:Jericho The biggest and earliestknown community was found in Southwest Asia and is known as Jericho. Jericho was established by about 8000 B.C. and extended several acres. The houses were made of sun-dried-brickand the settlement was surrounded by a wall several feet thick.

34. Life in the Neolithic Age: Çatalhöyük The city of Çatalhöyükis believed to have existed between 6700 B.C. and 5700 B.C. and covered 32 acres. About 6,000 people lived in the community. The houses were made of mud-brick and you entered the house through an opening in the roof. People could walk from house to house across the rooftops. Çatalhöyük had special buildings that were shrines, or holy places. These show that religionwas growing in the lives of the Neolithic people.

36. Neolithic: Benefits of Settled Life Benefits: greater security, steady foodsupplies, healthier/growing populations which provided more workers, more crops could be grown. Grew more food than they could eat so they began to tradefood for needed supplies. Specializationbegan-people could work jobsthey had talents for instead of always working on crops. Such as artisans, making weapons, pottery, baskets, cloth. These items could be used for tradewith other villages.

37. Neolithic: Benefits of Settled Life New Roles for Men New Roles for Women *Bore children *Stay in the village *Wovecloth from wool *Used bone needles to make clothing from cloth and animal hides *Managedfood supplies and other tasks in the village. *Worked in the fields *Herd animals *Protectingthe village *Growing food *Became family and community leaders

38. Neolithic: NegativeAspects of Settled Life Sometimes rapid population growth would result in a loss of resourcessuch as wood. The forests were used up too quickly and the settlements were abandoned.

39. The Endof the Neolithic Age People began making more advancedtools such as hoes for digging soil, sickles for cutting grain, millstones for grinding flour. In some regions humans were using metals, such as copper, to make tools and weapons. These were easier to make than the stone tools and weapons. In Asia, workers began mixing copper and tin together to make bronze. Bronze was much stronger than copper and became widely used between 3000 B.C.-1200 B.C. This period is known as the Bronze Age.

41. Civilizations Emerge More complex communities called civilizationsemerged. The four great river civilizations were Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. All civilizations share similar characteristics.

42. Cities and Government The first civilizations: • Were in rivervalleys • Could grow large cropsto feed many people • Had riversfor water and fish • Could tradewith other river communities • Formed governmentsto protect themselves and their food supplies.

43. Cities and Government The first governments were monarchies. A monarchy is a type of government led by a king or queen. The monarchs created armiesto defend against enemies, made laws to keep order, and appointed officialsto manage food supplies and building projects.

44. Religions, Social Structure, Writing and Art Religions– helped explain nature and the role of humans in the world. Ceremonies were performed to try to win the support of gods. Rulers claimed that their power was based on the approval of the gods. Social Structure – People were organized into groups by the type of work they did and the amount of wealth or power they had.

45. Religions, Social Structure, Writing and Art “Tower of Power” Most Powerful Rulers, Priests, Government officials, Warriors Middle Group Farmers, Artisans, Crafts people (free citizens) Had little or no power Enslaved people (mostly captured slaves from wars)

46. Religions, Social Structure, Writing and Art Early writing used symbolsin place of letters and words. People used writing to preserve storiesand keep accurate records.

47. Religions, Social Structure, Writing and Art Civilizations also created artfor enjoyment and practical purposes. Some art portrayed godsand forces of nature. People designed massive buildingsthat served as places of worshipor burial tombsfor kings.

49. Photo Credits: Slide 1: Slide 4: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v12/n9/fig_tab/nrg3029_F4.html Slide 5: accblogpost.blogspot.com Slide 6: http://ninja-fitness.com/paleo-diet/, http://spearthroweruk.blogspot.com/2012/04/exterminator-hypothesis.html Slide 7: galloryhip.com Slide 8: www.nature.com Slide 9: wikipedia.org, ehow.com, pages.uscd.edu, classroom.synonym.com, http://leherensuge.blogspot.com/2010/07/some-curiosities-of-mp-up-transition-in.html, http://www.anthropark.wz.cz/middle.htm Slide 10: http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=15442 Slide 11: http://www.tourism-review.com/travel-tourism-magazine-india-bhimbetka-rock-shelters-attract-crowds-of-visitors-article2199 Slide 12: http://washington131.pbworks.com/w/page/48361724/Lesson%202%3A%20%20Differences%20between%20the%20Paleolithic%20and%20Neolithic%20Lifestyle, Slide 13: http://www.google.com/search?q=paleolithic+shelter&rlz=1C2BLWB_enUS601US601&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=cmIHVNX9HcLLgwSFz4C4Aw&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw=1137&bih=736&dpr=0.9#q=paleolithic+cave+hut+shelter&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=cgnnfHnYq5ZGOM%253A%3BRPuU7FNRKp6o2M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fstatic.logbookexplorer.com%252Fphotos%252F16-RockShelter-large.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmeridianechsworldstudies2013-7.weebly.com%252Fsource-page.html%3B640%3B480, http://www.google.com/search?q=paleolithic+shelter&rlz=1C2BLWB_enUS601US601&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=cmIHVNX9HcLLgwSFz4C4Aw&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw=1137&bih=736&dpr=0.9#q=paleolithic+hut+shelter&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=IEzWYQPGqvReHM%253A%3BpjNTbsgHY6Bf-M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Feducation-portal.com%252Fcimages%252Fmultimages%252F16%252FStone_age_projekt_in_Sweden_7.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Feducation-portal.com%252Facademy%252Flesson%252Fthe-stone-age-period-lesson-quiz.html%3B325%3B223, www.fcps.com

50. Photo Credits: Slide 14: http://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2014/08/09/fire-near-winters-quickly-grows-to-150-acres/ Slide 17: http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/clottes/page3.php Slide 18: http://viola.bz/prehistoric-cave-paintings/ Slide 19: http://www.themudflats.net/archives/33617 Slide 20: http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/My%20Documents/Cave%20Art%20and%20Trance.htm Slide 21: http://phys.org/news/2013-10-archeologist-paleolithic-cave-art-women.html Slide 22: http://abstractsurrealism.blogspot.com/2012_08_01_archive.html, http://donsmaps.com/dolnivpottery.html, http://www.ornamentmagazine.com/backissues/backissues_321_2008.php Slide 23: http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2010/0625/Antarctic-glacier-melt-explained Slide 24: http://www.lilburnes.org/Students/Caves/Glacial_caves_brittany.htm Slide 25: http://www.crystalinks.com/clothingold.html Slide 26: http://www.takepart.com/article/2013/07/16/science-debunks-paleo-diet-again Slide 27: http://inspirasi.co/ensiklopedia_inspirasi/post/364 Slide 29: http://starkworldciv.weebly.com/today-in-class/archives/01-2014 Slide 31: www.lookandlearn.com Slide 33: studydroid.com Slide 35: realhistoryww.com Slide 38: bbc.co.uk Slide 40: http://www.susu-saaa.org/art/china/49877.php, https://resourcesforhistoryteachers.wikispaces.com/7.4, www.internetstones.com, www.allposters.com Slide 41: www.teacheranthoney.com, myhq.com, http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeforkids.com%2Fdestination%2Findia%2Fsightseeing&h=0&w=0&tbnid=qmNvevS7S4d7JM&zoom=1&q=ancient%20india%20map&tbnh=232&tbnw=217&docid=PS9GsusvfNjtaM&tbm=isch&ei=JHQIVKSKFY29ggTTs4K4DQ&ved=0CAIQsCUoAA, Slide 42: http://www.ancient-egypt.co.uk/river%20nile/ Slide 43: www.crystalinks.com Slide 44: https://www.mnh.si.edu/exhibits/cyprus/late-bronze-copper.html Slide 45: http://john844.org/images/bronze-age-aryan-warrior-andronovo-culture, http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/cultural-history-of-ireland/bronze-age-art.htm, twcenter.net Slide 46: http://joan-druett.blogspot.com/2012_10_01_archive.html Slide 47: http://landscape-guides.co.uk/cat.asp?CatID=62, fineartamerica.com, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_working_in_the_Bronze_Age_British_Isles, historyforkids.org Slide 48: Slide 46: http://joan-druett.blogspot.com/2012_10_01_archive.html, http://www1.chapman.edu/~bidmead/G-Haz.htm, www.ushistory.org, www.touregypt.net, whileinturkey.blogspot.com, http://the-newseven-wonders.blogspot.com/2009/07/temple-of-artemis-turkey.html