Understanding Categorizing and Classifying

1. Understanding Categorizing and Classifying We will use a mind map from chapter 9, “Motivation and Emotion”, to explain what a conceptual frame work is, and how a reader can use categorizing and classifying to flesh out a conceptual framework (mind map). Turn to page 222 in your textbook. 1. Theories of Motivation Optimal Arousal Theory Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals Drive Reduction Theory Evolutionary Approach Intrinsic VS Extrinsic Motivation Motivation & Emotion Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs Self-Determination Theory 2. Hunger and Sex 3. Approaches to Motivation

2. Understand Facts and Ideas in a the Context of a Conceptual Framework A key finding in the learning and transfer literature is that organizing information into a conceptual framework allows for greater “transfer”; that is, it allows the student to apply what was learned in new situations and to learn related information more quickly. What is a Conceptual Framework? A conceptual framework is a group of concepts that are broadly defined and systematically organized to provide a focus, a rationale, and a tool for integrating and interpreting information. A mind map, like below on chapter 9, Motivation & Emotion, is an example of a conceptual framework, pp. 222-. 1. Theories of Motivation Optimal Arousal Theory Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals Drive Reduction Theory Evolutionary Approach Intrinsic VS Extrinsic Motivation Motivation & Emotion Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs Self-Determination Theory 2. Hunger and Sex 3. Approaches to Motivation

3. Categorization: Bruner's theories emphasize the significance of categorization in learning. "To perceive is to categorize (perception is the organization and interpretation of sensory data in terms of past experience), to conceptualize is to categorize, to learn is to form categories, to make decisions is to categorize."Bruner maintains people interpret the world in terms of its similarities and differences. Understanding the fundamental structure of a subject (conceptual framework) makes it more comprehensible. Bruner viewed categorization as a fundamental process in the structuring of knowledge. Understanding: “Meaning is to be sought in the structure, the organization, the inner relationships of the subject itself.” (Brownell) Understanding: “To understand something means to assimilate it into an appropriate schema.” (schema: a conceptual structure) (Skemp) Understanding: “We understand something if we see how it is related or connected to other things we know.” (James and Thomas)

4. You will need your textbook, Chapter 9, Motivation and Emotion, P. 222—239. We will focus on “Theories of Motivation”, p.223. The conceptual framework, in this instance, found by overviewing the title and headings is represented in the mind map below: 1. Theories of Motivation Optimal Arousal Theory Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals Drive Reduction Theory Evolutionary Approach Intrinsic VS Extrinsic Motivation Motivation & Emotion Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs Self-Determination Theory 2. Hunger and Sex 3. Approaches to Motivation

5. Conceptual Framework: Categorization, Analysis, and Deduction “Categorizing happens when a learner already has a category name, such as a title (Ex. Theories of Motivation), or heading. The learner then finds information to fit under this category name. Finding information to fit under a category involves looking for facts, definitions, traits, and examples (analysis) that have the “commonality” described by the category title.” 1. Theories of Motivation Optimal Arousal Theory Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals Drive Reduction Theory Evolutionary Approach Motivation & Emotion Intrinsic VS Extrinsic Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs Self-Determination Theory 2. Hunger and Sex 3. Approaches to Motivation

6. Conceptual Framework: Categorization (Analysis, and Deduction) Under the first main heading (Theories of Motivation, p.223), we have a introductory paragraph that defines motivation. It is the reader’s task to analyze the paragraph and discover what constitutes the meaning of motivation. Analysis: separation of the whole into its component parts. What makes up motivation? The writer often provides you the whole and the details. sustained directed behave energized P. 223: Motivation is the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do. Motivated behavior is energized, directed, and sustained. Psychologists have proposed a variety of theories about why organisms are motivated to do what they do. In this section we explore some of the main theoretical approaches to motivation. Motivation defined feel think

7. Conceptual Framework: Categorization (Analysis, and Deduction) Though analysis, we have discovered the component parts of the definition of motivation. However, the writer has not explained those parts yet. We have to keep a watch for those explanations. When we understand those explanations we move from categorization to classifying. We can then add it to our mind map or conceptual framework as in the next slide. sustained directed behave energized Motivation is the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do. Motivated behavior is energized, directed, and sustained. Psychologists have proposed a variety of theories about why organisms are motivated to do what they do. In this section we explore some of the main theoretical approaches to motivation. Motivation defined feel think

8. Conceptual Framework: Classification (Induction) Classification: Once the details for the conceptual framework have been identified through analysis, the reader needs to continue reading to find facts and concepts and group those facts and concepts by their possible commonalities, according to the importance of their commonalities. In this instance, “What moves people to behave they way they do?” When we find an explanation, we add it to our mind map – (classification). behave Find what moves people to behave the way they do. Motivation is the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do. Motivated behavior is energized, directed, and sustained. Psychologists have proposed a variety of theories about why organisms are motivated to do what they do. In this section we explore some of the main theoretical approaches to motivation. Motivation defined feel think

9. Conceptual Framework: Classifying When we read under “Evolutionary Approach, p. 223)” that “an instinct is an innate (unlearned) biological behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout the species”, we recognize that this has a commonality with the definition of motivation, i.e. behavior. 1. Theories of Motivation Optimal Arousal Theory Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals Drive Reduction Theory Motivation is the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do. Evolutionary Approach Motivation & Emotion instinct Intrinsic VS Extrinsic Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs Self-Determination Theory 2. Hunger and Sex 3. Approaches to Motivation

10. Analysis of Reading Passage about Norms (p. 255) Rules not insisted upon. No punishment for not following rules. Folkways and Mores are Norms. Rules or guidelines about how to act. Rules insisted upon. Punishment if rules not followed. differences similarities differences mores folkway Read the passage under Norms and Types of Norms, p. 255