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Oceans

Oceans. ESSTD2004. 1: Overview. Exploration. Hydrologic Cycle. Every State Is An Ocean State. Heights and Depths. Moon Topography http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/DEMOS/Lunar_Topography/Lunar_Map2.html. Venus Topography http://www.higp.hawaii.edu/~hamilton/venus.html.

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Oceans

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  1. Oceans ESSTD2004

  2. 1: Overview

  3. Exploration

  4. Hydrologic Cycle

  5. Every State Is An Ocean State

  6. Heights and Depths

  7. Moon Topographyhttp://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/DEMOS/Lunar_Topography/Lunar_Map2.html

  8. Venus Topographyhttp://www.higp.hawaii.edu/~hamilton/venus.html

  9. Jupiter – an Ocean Planet

  10. Questions for Reflection • All the water on land eventually reaches the ocean. Discuss how the area you live in impacts the environmental quality of the ocean. Can you describe areas that might add toxic material to the ocean? Are there ways in which your community works to protect the ocean? • Debate whether more money should be spent to explore space or to explore the ocean floor. • Explain how the oceans affect Earth’s weather.

  11. Investigations 1 • Closed-loop Mapping - Plan a round trip, log your travels and check your accuracy. • http://physics.gallaudet.edu/navigate • Shuttle Oceanography – Look for interesting shuttle ocean photographs • http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/OCDST/shuttle_oceanography_web/oss_contents.html • Global Topographic Map – Find interesting ocean basin features. • http://physics.gallaudet.edu/etopo5/

  12. 2: Plates and Oceans

  13. Ocean Basins

  14. Plate Boundaries

  15. Seafloor Spreading

  16. Atlantic and Pacific Basin Dynamics

  17. Plate Subduction

  18. Transform Fault

  19. Questions for Reflection • Ocean fossils and layers of sedimentary rock can be found on the tops of mountains. What does that show about the Earth’s surface? • Why is the seafloor lower than the surface of the continents? • No oceanic crust older than about 160M years is known from the present oceans. Why are they so young? • Would you expect lavas that erupt under water to cool more or less rapidly than those that erupt in air? • What would the surface of the Earth be like without active plate tectonics?

  20. Questions for Reflection • How did ancient civilizations explain the occurrence of earthquakes and volcanoes? • Does plate tectonics operate on any other planet in our solar system?

  21. 3: SeaWater

  22. The Water Molecule

  23. Water Energy Transformations

  24. Latent Heats of Water

  25. Seawater Composition

  26. Global Salinity Patterns

  27. T-S Graph

  28. Questions for Reflection • List important properties of water. • Describe thermohaline circulation. • In what major process does water get transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere? • Why are temperature and salinity the most important tracers of water masses? • What resources are extracted from seawater?

  29. Investigations 3 • Measure Salinity using the GLOBE Program protocol • Wave Speed and Depth – Set up a rain gutter and measure the speed of waves in water depths of 1 cm, 2 cm,… • Thermohaline Circulation and the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability – Experiment with “baby food” jars studying mixing of cold, hot, salty, fresh water. • Water On the Balance – Does dipping your finger into water on a scale change the reading?

  30. 4: Oceans and the Atmosphere

  31. Solar Cycle

  32. Effect of Solar Elevation

  33. Coriolis Effect

  34. Global Wind Patterns

  35. High Pressure Centers

  36. Low Pressure Centers

  37. Questions for Reflection • Why are the cloud patterns we see in weather satellite images dominated by swirls? • Why do hurricanes not form at the equator? Why do they not form over land? There are no hurricanes formed in the South Atlantic Ocean. Why? • What special conditions are necessary for hurricanes to form? • In what major process does water get transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere? • Why is the concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater greater than in the atmosphere?

  38. Investigations 4 • Study of Hurricane Behavior link1link2 – Where and when do hurricanes/cyclones/typhoons occur in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans: • http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/ • http://meted.ucar.edu/hurrican/movncane/ • Global Wind Patterns – Use Quickscat data to study the evolution of recent hurricanes (i.e. Isabel Sept 8-18, 2003) or plan your own ocean sailboat voyage. • http://physics.gallaudet.edu/winds/web/ • Boat Races – Build boats with foam and race in a raingutter using wind, mousetrap, rubberband, electric motor,… power. • CO2 and the Land and Ocean Biosphere – What is the relation between the biosphere and atmospheric CO2? Contrast behavior in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. • physics.gallaudet.edu/biosphere/co2_shtn.mov

  39. 5: Currents

  40. Ocean Cross Section

  41. Gulf Stream

  42. Gulf Stream

  43. Ekman Transport

  44. Western Boundary Currents

  45. Gyre Dynamics

  46. Global Currents

  47. Upwelling

  48. Downwelling

  49. El Nino Events

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