Solid Waste Management

1. Department of Geology andEnvironment science at Islamic University of Gaza (IUG) -represent- Solid Waste Management Presented by Prof. Dr. Samir Afifi -March 2007-

2. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • 1-Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • 1.1 Introduction • 1.2 Challenges in Solid Waste Management • 1.3 Factors Influencing Solid Waste Management • 1.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management 1/34

3. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Definitions: • What is Solid Waste Management? • It includes all activities that seek to minimize the health, environmental and aesthetic impacts of solid wastes. 2/34

4. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries Solid wasteis material, which is not in liquid form, and has no value to the person who is responsible for it. Synonyms to solid waste are terms such as “garbage”, “trash”, “refuse” and “rubbish”. 3/34

5. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries Municipal Solid Waste refers to solid wastes from houses, streets and public places, shops, offices, and hospitals, which are very often the responsibility of municipal or other governmental authorities. 4/34

6. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries Continue Municipal Solid Waste Solid waste from industrial processes are generally not considered "municipal" however they need to be taken into account when dealing with solid waste as they often end up in the municipal solid waste stream. 5/34

7. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • One to two thirds of the solid waste generated is not collected. As a result: • Breeding of insect and rodent vectors and spread of diseases • Waste is often disposed of in uncontrolled dumpsites and/or burnt, polluting water resources and air 6/34

8. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is much more than a technological issue - it always also involves institutional, social, legal, and financial aspects and involves coordinating and managing a large workforce and collaborating with many involved stakeholders as well as the general public. 7/34

9. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • The tendency for MSWM decisions made without sufficient planning: • Take into account only some aspects of a situation • Based on a short-term view of the situation, or • Influenced by the interests of political elites. 8/34

10. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Challenges in Solid Waste Management • Inadequate service coverage and operational inefficiencies of services, • Limited utilization of recycling activities, • Inadequate landfill disposal, and • Inadequate management of hazardous and healthcare waste. 9/34

11. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries 1-Service Coverage for Waste Collection 10/34

12. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • 1-Service Coverage for Waste Collection • Serve only a limited part of the urban population • Low-income population remaining without waste collection services • Lack of financial resources • Increasing amount of generated waste produced by the rapid growing cities 10/34

13. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Continue1-Service Coverage for Waste Collection • Inadequate fees charged and insufficient funds from a central municipal budget • Inefficient organizational and poor management capacity • Use of inappropriate technologies, Vehicle, involving private sector, 11/34

14. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • 2-Resource Recovery and Recycling: • Some key factors that affect the potential for resource recovery are: • High cost of the separated material, its purity, its quantity and its location • Economic potential for resource recovery 12/34

15. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Reuse of organic waste material, is still limited but often has great recovery potential: • Reduces costs of the disposal facilities, • Prolongs the sites life span, • Reduces the environmental impact of disposal sites, polluting leachate and methane problems 13/34

16. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • 3-Disposal • Dumping MSW on land in more or less uncontrolled manner has the following impacts: • Make uneconomical use of the available space, • Allow free access to waste pickers, • Animals and flies and often produce unpleasant and • Hazardous smoke from slow-burning fires. 14/34

17. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Continue 3-Disposal • Financial and institutional constraints are the main reasons for inadequate disposal • People are not concerned with SW disposal, “out of sight – out of mind” 15/34

18. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Continue 3-Disposal • Rapid urbanization settlements and housing encircle the existing dumps • Sitting landfills at greater distances to the central collection areas implies higher transfer costs, additional investments in the infrastructure of roads 16/34

19. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Continue3-Disposal • Inappropriate guidelines for sitting, design and operation of new landfills • Missing recommendations for possible upgrading options of existing open dumps • Well trained personnel and sufficient financial and physical resources 17/34

20. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Continue3-Disposal • Absence of a sanitary landfill (a site where solid wastes are disposed at a carefully selected location constructed and maintained by means of engineering techniques that minimize pollution of air, water and soil, and other risks to man and animals) 18/34

21. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries 4-Healthcare Wastes from Hospitals and Hazardous Wastes: Some health-care wastes coming from hospital or health institution are similar in nature to domestic solid wastes, and called “general health-care wastes”. The remaining wastes pose serious health hazards because of their physical, chemical or biological nature, and known as “hazardous healthcare wastes". 19/34

22. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Hazardous healthcare wastes incinerators or other treatment technologies has several weaknesses as often the hospitals and healthcare facilities are not able to afford the operating costs of the plant. • Plants are left unused or not repaired when they break down. 20/34

23. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Many risks occur before the waste gets to final stage, and not reduced by the provision of treatment equipment. • Lack of methods of segregate /storage and limited trained staff to adopt safer working practices of hazardous healthcare wastes from general healthcare wastes. 21/34

24. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Management of hazardous chemicals is not only a matter of technology and legislation, but also of enforcement, funding and financial instruments. 22/34

25. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • 1.3 Factors Influencing Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Waste amount and composition • Awareness and attitudes • Institutions and legislation 23/34

26. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • 1- Waste amount and composition • Quality of domestic waste in industrialized countries has low density and in developing countries wastes has high density - high weight per unit volume, (contain large amounts of sand, ash, dust and stones and high moisture levels). 24/34

27. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • 1- Waste amount and composition • Consequences of this high density, vehicles and systems that operate well with low-density wastes are not suitable or reliable when the wastes are heavy. • Wastes with high proportion of moisture or sand is not suitable for incineration, 25/34

28. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • 2-Awareness and attitudes: • Public awareness and attitudes to waste can affect the whole solid waste management system • Willingness to pay for waste management services, the opposition to the sitting of waste treatment and disposal facilities, all depend on public awareness and participation. 26/34

29. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • 3-Institutions and legislation: • Standards and restrictions may limit the technology options that can be considered. • Policy of government regarding the role of the private sector (formal and informal) should also be taken into account. • The strength and concerns of trade unions can also have an important influence on what can be done. 27/34

30. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries 1.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is defined as the selection and application of appropriate techniques, technologies, and management programs to achieve specific waste management objectives and goals. 28/34

31. Reduce Reuse Recycle Materials Recovery Energy Recovery Landfill 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries General waste hierarchy accepted by industrialized countries is comprised of the following order: •Reduce • Reuse • Recycle • Recover processes (composting, incineration,..) • Land-filling 29/34

32. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • Common to all countries is: • Increasing awareness about the linkages between waste generation and resource consumption • Greater involvement in recycling business • Increasing awareness of source separation and compost. 30/34

33. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries • ContinueCommon to all countries is • High costs of Incineration continue to inhibit its use. • Sitting for landfills is difficult, Land Requirement 31/34

34. Comparison of typical solid waste management practices activity for low income, middle income and high income is given table bellow. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries Comparison of typical solid waste management practices activity for low income, middle income and high income is given table bellow. 32/34

35. 1- Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries 33/34

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