Surface Water Includes: River Systems Ponds Lakes

1. Surface WaterIncludes:River SystemsPondsLakes

2. RIVER SYSTEMS • Headwaters: • The source of a river powered by gravity • Includes many small streams • Tributary: • Are where streams and smaller river feed into a main river • Tributaries along with the rivers make up the River System

3. RIVER SYSTEMS • Flood Plains: • A flat valley where rivers flow through. • Oxbow Lake: • Formed when a river curves and then is cut off from the flow • Meander: • Looping and curves of a river

4. RIVER SYSTEMS • Mouth: • Where the river flows into a larger body of water. (lake or ocean) • River slows • River deposits sediment creating a “delta”

5. RIVER SYSTEMS • Watersheds: • Land that supplies water to the river system • Also known as “drainage basins” • Large rivers can ‘drain’ into larger rivers becoming part of their watershed.

6. RIVER SYSTEMS • Divides: • Separate one watershed from another by a ridge of land • Two divides: • Rocky Mountains • Water flows to Pacific Ocean or Great Basin • Appalachian Mountains

7. RIVER SYSTEMS • Erosion: • Occurs along riverbank curves • Changes the route of a river or stream • Will deposit material into lakes and Oceans

8. Rivers Shaping the Land

9. ActivitySummarize : River systems

10. Ponds • Bodies of freshwater • Contain still standing water • Differ from lakes: • Smaller • Shallower • Sunlight usually reaches the bottom

11. Ponds • Forms when water collects in hollows and low-lying area of land • Formed by rainfall, melted snow and ice, rivers, groundwater, and runoff • Thriving Habitats • Algae and plants provide the oxygen • Bottom covered in mud and algae

12. Lakes • Lake Bottoms: • Sand • Pebble • Rocks • Sunlight does not reach

13. Lakes • Life/biome: • Wildlife/vegetation similar to ponds around edge. • No plant life on bottom • Bottom alive with worms, clams and mollusks • Larger predator fish (sturgeon, pike)

14. Lakes • Types of Lakes: • Volcanic crater • Formed when water collects in craters of old volcanoes • Depression by glacier’s • Formed by movements of glaciers • Reservoir • Human made for human use

15. Lakes • Lake Formation (cont.): • Oxbow • Formed when rivers change course • Movement of Earth’s crust • Forms deep valleys

16. Lakes • Lake changes over time: • Seasonal change • Long-Term change • Death of a Body of Fresh Water

17. Lakes • Seasonal Change: • Summer lake stays cool lower down and warm on the surface • Fall the water cools and sinks to the bottom causing “turnover” • Turnover: when lake water mixes • Materials rise from the bottom to top

18. Lakes • Seasonal Change (cont.): • Turnover refreshes nutrients throughout the lake • Nutrients: are substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus • Enables plants and algae to grow

19. Lakes • Long-Term Change: • Organism waste and plant debris • Release nutrients • Build up on the bottom • Algae feed on nutrients • Build up of nutrients cause eutrophication • eutrophication: build up of nutrients and increase in algae

20. Lakes • Death of a lake: • Occurs when algae gets so thick it blocks out sunlight • Lack of photosynthesis and oxygen • Organisms begin to die off • Lake becomes shallower • More plants take root, water evaporates, grasses

21. Lakes • Death of a lake: • More plants take root • Water evaporates • Grasses grow • Change from lake, to swamp, marsh, pond, to bog • Eventually changing to meadow

22. Ponds, Lakes and Pools

23. ActivitySummarize : Ponds and Lakes