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Urinary system

Anatomy of the major organs functions

ganeshgaonkar
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Urinary system

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  1. Urinary System

  2. Urinary System Kidneys • The urinary system removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes. • It maintain the normal concentrations of water and electrolytes within body fluids. • Regulates the pH and volume of body fluids. • Helps controlred blood cell production and blood pressure. Ureters Bladder Urethra

  3. Urinary System

  4. Anatomy of the major organs functions • A pair of kidneys which remove substances from blood, form urine and help regulate certain metabolic processes, located high on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. • A pair of tubular ureters, which transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

  5. A saclike urinary bladder which stores urine, located in the pelvis. • Tubular urethra which conveys urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

  6. The Kidneys

  7. The Kidneys • Renal cortex– outermost portion of the kidney that covers the pyramids and dips down between them • Renal medulla– middle portion that also divides into renal pyramids • Renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood.

  8. The Kidneys Renal vein-The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. They carry the blood filtered by the kidney. Renal pelvis-The funnel-shaped tube within the renal sinus Ureter-The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

  9. Renal Corpuscles • Composed of a group of capillaries called a glomerulus • Glomerulusis surrounded by Bowman’s capsule • Blood filtration occurs in corpuscle Renal Tubules • Extend from the Bowman’s • capsule of a nephron • Consist of three parts: • Proximal convoluted tubule • Loop of Henle • Distal convoluted tubule Nephrons • Removes waste products from the blood • Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons • Made of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

  10. Afferent Arteriole Glomerulus Efferent Arteriole Peritubular Capillaries Blood Flow Through Nephron • Afferent arterioles deliver blood to the glomeruli • Efferent arteriolescarry blood from the glomeruli to peritubular capillaries Veins of the Kidney

  11. Urine Formation-3 steps

  12. Glomerulus Filtration • Glomerular filtration is the process by which the kidneys filterthe blood, removing excess wastes and fluids

  13. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) • Is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined. • For the average adult male, GFR is about 125 ml/min. • This amounts to a rate of 180 L/day. • An average of 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed, so that only 1-2 L of urine per day is excreted.

  14. Tubular Reabsorption • About 99% of Water and other useful small molecules in the filtrate are normally reabsorbed back into plasma by renal tubules. • Occurs mostly in the proximal tubule • Transports items out of the tubular fluid (urine) back into the blood (peritubular capillary) • Glucose, amino acids, water, urea (about 50% of it), and uric acid • 65% of filtrate is reabsorbed here • Reabsorption of sodium and potassium

  15. Tubular secretion • Renal tubule extracts chemicals from the blood and secretes them into the tubular fluid. • serves the purposes of waste removal and acid-base balance. • Late filtering process • Transports items out of the blood (Peritubular capillaries) into the renal tubules • Processing of potassium, water, and some uric acid and urea

  16. Cortex • The collecting duct (CD) begins in the cortex, where it receives tubular fluid from numerous nephrons. • CD reabsorbs water. Concentrating Urine by Collecting Duct collecting duct urine

  17. Elimination of Urine • Urine passes through the collecting ducts to the renal papillae • Then to the minor and major calyces • Out the renal pelvis to the ureters • To the bladder :Bladder can hold max of 450 to 500ml urine at a time. • To the urethra and out of the body

  18. Urine Properties Composition and Properties of Urine • Fresh urine is clear, containing no blood cellsand little proteins. If cloudy, it could indicate the presence of bacteria, semen, blood, or menstrual fluid.

  19. Urine Volume • An average adult produces 1-2 L of urine per day. • a. Excessive urine output is called polyuria. • b. Scanty urine output is oliguria. An output of less than 400 mL/dayis insufficient to excrete toxic wastes

  20. Disease Kidney stone: • A Kidney stone  is a hard, crystalline mineral material formed within the kidney or urinary tract. • Nephrolithiasis is the medical term for kidney stones. • Dehydrationis a major risk factor for kidney stone formation.

  21. Symptoms • Kidney stone include flank pain and blood in the urine. • Diet and hereditary factors are also related to stone formation. Treatment: • Most kidney stones will pass through the ureter to the bladder on their own with time. • Surgical techniques may be used for stones which do not pass through the ureter to the bladder on their own.

  22. Kidney failure Many factors can interfere with your kidney health and function • Toxic exposure to environmental pollutants or certain medications • Certain acute and chronic diseases • Severe dehydration • Kidney trauma

  23. Causes • Loss of blood flow to the kidneys • Urine elimination problems • Certain antibiotics • Uncontrolled diabetes • Drugs and alcohol Treatment: • Dialysis • Kidney transplant

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