The German States 1815-1866 The German Confederation

1. The German States 1815-1866The German Confederation • Created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. • Essentially replaced the Holy Roman Empire • Austria and Prussia were included in the Confederation, but were largely independent.

2. Bismarck and the unification of Germany Realpolitik: government policies developed after the revolutions of 1848 and initially associated with nation building. • Based on realism rather than on the romantic notions of earlier nationalists. • A result of the revolutions of 1848 • In Germany this was from a movement that sought to establish a unified, republican Germany. • It started in fraternal organizations in Prussia’s universities • Wanted a common defense against foreign attack. • Frederick William IV crushed it and issued the Karlsbad Decrees • Banned fraternal organizations and placed university faculty and students under the control of the government.

3. Bismarck and the unification of Germany • Frederick William IV dies and his brother, William I, takes over in 1861. • Austria was the chief rival, so William increases the size of the army and implements universal conscription. • All males over the age of 16 had to serve a minimum of 3 years. • Appoints Otto von Bismarck as the chancellor. • Uses the German penchant nationalism, militarism, and authoritarianism to justify his actions. • Initially goes to war with Denmark over territories claimed by both. • Schlewig (Prussia) • Holstein (Austria)

4. Bismarck and the unification of Germany Seven Weeks War • Bismarck garnered the support of most of Europe • Russia, Italy, and France remained neutral. • Most of the German states supported Austria • Bismarck’s armies quickly defeated Austria. New Northern German Confederation • Austria excluded • King of Prussia as president (William I) • Bismarck as chancellor • Bi-cameral: Lower house (reichstag) Upper house (bundesrat) • Southern German states remain independent of Prussia.

5. Bismarck and the unification of Germany Prussia now Turns to the Rest of Europe • Throne of Spain becomes vacant in 1870. • Had been held for centuries by German Habsburgs and Hohenzollers or French Bourbons. • Spanish parliament offers throne to Karl Anthony • Member of the Hohenzollers • France wanted to be compensated • Demands territory along the Rhine • In an effort to cool tensions, France convinces William I to withdraw Anthony’s candidacy. • A telegraph is sent to Prussia, outlining French demands • Bismarck alters a copy of the dispatch and sends it out to Europe. • Forced France into a position of accepting diplomatic defeat or go to war

6. Bismarck and the unification of Germany Franco-Prussian War 1870 • Prussia trounces France, and moves into Paris • Faces revolution and resistance from within Paris • Guerrilla warfare • Prussians finally starve the city out. • Sign peace treaty at Versailles • France had to pay $5 billion francs and surrender Alsace and Loraine • Most industry useful territories in France at the time. After Versailles, German unification was complete when the southern states joined the Northern German Confederation • William I becomes Kaiser Wilhelm I • Bismarck remains chancellor

7. Unification of Italy

8. Early to mid-19th Century Italy • Controlled by Foreign Powers and Divided into Kingdoms and Duchies

9. Early to mid-19th Century Italy • Risorgimento (re-birth): south to unite Italy into a single country • Three government platforms were purposed: • Republican federation • Monarchy • Constitutional monarchy • Three leading figures of Italian nationalism: • Guiseppe Mazzini: Young Italian Movement, sought to improve the lot of the poor, sought to change the government through popular referendums, and establish a republic (papacy opposed a republic). • Guiseppe Garibaldi: revolutionary and fighter in the South American wars of independence. Led uprisings in 1848 against the French and Austrians to united the north. Led an expedition to liberate Sicily from Bourbon rule. • Camilo Cavour: left the Italian army and became a wealthy planter and business man, he eventually became Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Sought to oust the Austrians and establish a constitutional monarchy.

10. Early to mid-19th Century Italy • Cavour fought for BR, FR, and TK in the Crimean War • Allowed him to use French troops to oust the Austrians from Italian territory. • Treaty between FR and Sardinia-Piedmont said FR would help in the event of an Austrian invasion. • 1859: Austria attacks Sardinia because Cavour is encouraging revolutionary movements throughout Italy. • FR (Napoleon III) fears a unified Italy would rival France and backs-out of the agreement. • Signs treaty with Franz Joseph of AU. • Cavour was able to negotiate with Nap. III so that Sar-Pied would get Lombardy

12. Early to mid-19th Century Italy Guiseppe Garibaldi • Set sail from Genoa with a “redshirt” army to liberate Sicily • Under control of a Bourbon monarch • Happens right when Cavour attacks the papal states • Papacy supported by FR • Garibaldi pledges support for Sar-Pied. Joins with Cavours forces • Because of the Franco-Prussian War, FR has to pull troops out of Rome. • Rome seized by Cavour, who was made first Prime Minister and King Emmanuel II

13. Civil War in Paris The Paris Commune

14. A brief history of France Various Governments of France • Terror, Revolution, Frist Republic • Napoleon I and the First Empire • Bourbon Restoration of the monarchy • Louis Philippe (citizen king), Second Republic • Napoleon III, Second Empire • By 1871, the Franco-Prussian War destroyed the Second Empire of Napoleon III. • Prussians face resistance from Parisians • France elects a national assembly to negotiate with Prussia • Agrees to pay the 5 billion franc indemnity • Dominated by rural conservatives • Hikes rent and calls in taxes that had been suspended.

15. A brief history of France The Resistance is Ordered to Surrender to the Prussians by the National Assembly • Prussians attempt to occupy Paris and fail • Citizens of Paris set up a republican government, the Paris Commune • The Paris Commune • Ideas were those of the Jacobins (pre-terror) • Commune viewed by Parisians as patriotic and anti-Prussian • Was against: • reestablishing the power of the bourgeoisie • clergy • Obedience of orders from the National Assembly • It favored: • Government control of wages • Government control of prices • Government control of working conditions

16. A brief history of France After days of fighting, The National Assembly sent in troops to retake Paris. • Numbers vary from ~900 to ~20,000 revolutionaries killed • Most reputable historians put the figure between 6,000 and 10,000