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This text provides an introduction to the different elements of poetry, including lines, stanzas, rhyme, meter, rhythm, repetition, alliteration, imagery, sensory language, figurative language, irony, symbolism, hyperbole, and idioms. Examples of each element are included to help readers understand their use and impact in poetry.
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Poetry p. 118
Elements of Poetry • Lines: rows of words poems are written in. POEM (p. 124) I loved my friend. He went away from me. There’s nothing more to say. The poem ends, Soft as it began – I loved my friend. – Langston Hughes
2. Stanzas: lines that are grouped together SUNDAYS (p. 129) For lunch Dad wore a white shirt with cuffs stiff as the ace of spades, knit pants, and loafers. After lunch we walked to the park as he rubbed the baseball with hands as tough and smooth as the underside of a tortoise. At the backstop, as slowly as bread rising, he rolled up his sleeves before hitting fly balls that seemed to skip off the sun before landing still warm in my mitt. - Paul B. Janeczko
3. Rhyme: matching end sounds The Pasture (p. 125) I’m going out to clean the pasture spring; I’ll only stop to rake the leaves away (And wait to watch the water clear, I may) I sha’n’t be gone long. – You come too. I’m going out to fetch the little calf That’s standing by the mother. It’s so young It totters when she licks it with her tongue. I sha’n’t be gone long. – You come too.
4. Meter: a pattern of rhythm in a poem. 5. Rhythm: patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables (beats) – the SOUND of the lines of poetry when they are read Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are.
6. repetition: repeated words or lines Family Photo (p. 133) One last picture And in the middle before we head off Grandma and Grandpa in different directions. who started all this. One last group shot of We’re ripples in a pond all of us, smirking, spreading out with rabbit ears. from a stone they threw. Three generations, - Ralph Fletcher kids on shoulders, a baby cousin on my lap.
7. alliteration: the repetitions of initial sounds in the words of a line of poetry. Examples: Lady luck Sound of Silence Bouncing baby boy
Last names ending in A-M: Write a short description of a small child eating a melting ice cream cone, using alliteration. Last names ending in N-Z: Write a short description of a bull rider getting ready to come out of the chute, using alliteration. Practice alliteration
8. imagery: language that creates word pictures. Example: Tiny paw prints in the wet sand Child Rest – p. 132 “Her red and yellow flower blossoms / beadwork complete”
Practice imagery • You have thirty seconds to view the picture on the following slide. Then, use imagery to re-create the scene in your own free-verse poem.
9. Sensory language: words that describe how things look, smell, feel, taste, and sound. Example: Good Hot Dogs – p. 121 “splash on / … Yellow mustard and onions” “Little burnt tips/ Of French fries”
10. Figurative language: imaginative comparisons between unlike things 11. metaphor: compares two unlike things EX: icicles were dripping fangs 12. simile: compares two unlike things using like or as. EX: a voice as calm as moonlight 13. personification: gives human qualities to something not alive or human EX: breezes danced playfully
14. Onomatopoeia: a word in which the sound of the words gives the meaning of the word EX: buzz, hiss 15. irony: the use of a word or phrase to convey the opposite of its literal meaning. The difference between what is expected to happen and what really happens. Generally used for humorous or emphatic effect. EX: From:For Annie, By Edgar Allan Poe Thank Heaven! the crisis, The danger is past, And the lingering illness Is over at last, And the fever called "Living" Is conquered at last.
Practice onomatopoeia • A poem titled “When Carly Eats Spaghetti” is on the following slide. As you read it, write down words that are examples of onomatopoeia.
“When Carly Eats Spaghetti” When Carly eats spaghetti, She chomps and gobbles and slurps, The spaghetti disappears with a whoosh Sauce slapping and smacking Round her chops. She scrapes the toast round the plate Crunching, grinding every mouthful. She burps, gurgles and leaves the table!
16. symbolism: anything that signifies of stands for something else. Usually that something is concrete (an object). 17. hyperbole: a big lie or exaggeration. It puts a picture into the “reader’s” mind. EX: I'd give my whole fortune for a bowl of bean soup. 18. idiom: a figure of speech that does not make sense if taken literally. EX: a dime a dozen, a picture paints a thousand words, a piece of cake, all bark and no bite, you’re barking up the wrong tree, a drop in the bucket, go the extra mile, great minds think alike
What is an idiom? • An idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be understood based on the definition of its constitutional elements
He spilled the beans He told the secret
Get off my back! Leave me alone!
We were in stitches! We were laughing very hard!
He kicked the bucket! He died
Go fly a kite! Go away!
She was dressed to kill She was dressed in her finest clothing
I’m at the end of my rope! I am so-o-o frustrated!
You have to bite the bullet You need to put up with this difficult situation
Teachers always stick to their guns Teachers never change their opinions
Money talks Have you heard about that new TV? Money influences a lot of people.
So I hope you enjoyed my idiom presentation because I… bent over backwards to do it for you!
19. allusion: an implied or indirect reference in literature to a familiar person, place, or event. This can be real or imaginary and may refer to anything, including paintings, opera, folk lore, mythical figures, or religious manuscripts. The reference can be direct or may be inferred, and can broaden the reader’s understanding. EX: a “I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s.” This refers to the story of Pinocchio, where his nose grew whenever he told a lie. It is from The Adventures of Pinocchio, written by Carlo Collodi.
