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BLOOD

BLOOD. Facts, Factors and Inheritance. Blood Composition. 55% of the blood consists of plasma 45% consists of formed elements 44% of the formed elements consist of erythrocytes 1% consists of leukocytes and platelets which is also called the buffy coat. plasma. b uffy coat.

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BLOOD

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  1. BLOOD Facts, Factors and Inheritance

  2. Blood Composition • 55% of the blood consists of plasma • 45% consists of formed elements • 44% of the formed elements consist of erythrocytes • 1% consists ofleukocytesandplatelets which is also called the buffy coat plasma buffy coat erythrocytes

  3. plasma • The liquid component of blood • 90% of the plasma is made up of water • 8% is made up of proteins • 2% is made up of several ions

  4. Blood cells • Erythrocytes: red blood cells; function to transport oxygen • Leukocytes: white blood cells; function to protect the body • Platelets: cell fragments that function to clot the blood

  5. Blood factors • Blood cells, like other cells in the body, have proteins or factors located on their surfaces • These factors can be antigens, substances that can cause the immune system to respond • There are 3 important blood factors used to type a person’s blood: • The ABO System • The MNS System • The Rh Factor

  6. ABO System • In the ABO system there are two different blood proteins: A and B • The inheritance of these factors is based on codominance of the A and B proteins • In codominance, both alleles (different forms of a gene) in the heterozygote express themselves fully • There are 3 different blood alleles: • The A and B genes are both dominant • The o gene is recessive

  7. Abo system (cont.) • Based on the 3 genes there are 4 possible phenotypes: • Type A blood • Type B blood • Type AB blood • Type O blood • There are 6 possible genotypes:

  8. Abo system (cont.) • The inheritance of the ABO system can be predicted using Punnett squares • EX: A woman who is heterozygous for Type A blood has a child with a man who is heterozygous for Type B blood. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their child? A o Genotypes: AB, Bo, Ao, oo B AB Bo Phenotypes: Type AB, Type B, Type A, Type O o Ao oo

  9. Abo system (cont.) • This system is important not only in forensics but in the medical field • It is important for blood transfusions • It is essential that the ABO blood types match to prevent the blood from clumping

  10. ABO system (cont.) • Type A Blood: • Has A antigens and anti-Bantibodies • If this person receives type B or type AB blood, the blood will clump as the anti-B antibodies attack the B antigens • Can receive type A and type O blood • Makes up 40% of the population

  11. ABO system (cont.) • Type B Blood: • Has B antigens and anti-Aantibodies • If this person receives type A or type AB blood, the blood will clump • Can receive type B and type O blood • Makes up 11% of the population

  12. ABO system (cont.) • Type AB Blood: • Has A and B antigens and no ABO antibodies • Because this person doesn’t have ABO antibodies, they can receive any type blood, making this person the universal recipient • Makes up 4% of the population

  13. ABO system (cont.) • Type O Blood: • Has no antigens and anti-A and anti-B antibodies • Because this person doesn’t have antigens, they can donate to any type blood, making this person the universal donor • Can only receive type O blood • Makes up 45% of the population

  14. Mns system • Similar to the ABO System • A person carries either the M protein, the N protein or the S protein on their blood cells • M is found in 30% of the population • N is found in 22% of the population • S is found in 48% of the population

  15. Rh Factor • The Rh protein can be found on the surface of the blood cell • Rh+: the person has the Rh antigen; it is found in 84% of the population • Rh-: the person does not have the Rh antigen; makes up 16% of the population O+38 percent of population O-7 percent of population A+34 percent of population A-6 percent of population B+9 percent of population B-2 percent of population AB+3 percent of population AB-1 percent of population

  16. Calculating probabilities • Knowing the percentages of the population with the different blood factors can be used to determine the likelihood of a certain combination of blood factors • By multiplying the ratios of the types, you can determine the probability of having a certain blood type

  17. Calculating probabilities (cont.) • EX: What is the probability of a person having blood type A and N and being Rh-? A N Rh- 40% x 22% x 16% = ? .40 x .22 x .16 = .01 • 1 out of every 100 people would have blood type A and N and be Rh-

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