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OBJ: relate the structures of the three forms of carbon to their properties. 2) relate the number and arrangement of Carbons in hydrocarbons to their properties. KEY TERMS Organic compound network solid hydrocarbon Saturated hydrocarbon . What kind of bonds are found in molecules?

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  1. OBJ: relate the structures of the three forms of carbon to their properties. 2) relate the number and arrangement of Carbons in hydrocarbons to their properties. KEY TERMS Organic compound network solid hydrocarbon Saturated hydrocarbon What kind of bonds are found in molecules? How many electrons are shared in a double bond? DO NOW

  2. Compounds • Were divided into compounds that chemists could produce and compounds that organisms made. • An organic compound contains carbon and hydrogen, often combined with a few other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen. • 90% of compounds are organic • Carbon has 4 valence electrons so it can form 4 single bonds, one double and two singles, or two double bonds.

  3. Forms of Carbon • Carbon exists in several forms with different properties • Diamond • Graphite • Fullerenes

  4. Diamond • No substance is harder than diamond • Is a network solid • All the atoms are linked by covalent bonds • Covalent bonds connect each Carbon atom in diamond to four other Carbon atoms • Cutting a diamond is hard because you have to break covalent bonds

  5. Graphite • Extremely soft and slippery • Carbon atoms are arranged in widely spaced layers • In each layer the bonds are strong, but between layers the bonds are weak • Layers slide past one another easily, make for a good lubricant for machines • Is used in pencils with a clay mixture.

  6. Fullerenes • Large hallow spheres of Carbon • Also known as cages of Carbon • The outside of the cage looks like a soccer ball forming alternate pentagons and hexagons

  7. Saturated Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons are elements that contain only Carbon and Hydrogen (like methane CH4) • Saturated Hydrocarbons means that all of the bonds are single bonds and it contains the maximum number of Hydrogen atoms for each Carbon atom. • Also known as an alkane • All saturated hydrocarbons will end with –ane (ex. propane, methane)

  8. Hydrocarbons • Factors that determine the properties of hydrocarbons are the number of Carbon atoms and how the atoms are arranged. • There can only be one Carbon atom or there can be over 30 Carbon atoms • The atoms can be arranged in a straight chain, branched chain, or a ring

  9. Straight Chains • The number of Carbons in a straight chain alkane affects the state of the alkane at room temperature • The more Carbon atoms there are, the higher the boiling point is.

  10. Branched Chain • When all the Carbons are not in a straight line • Compounds can have the same molecular formula, but different structural formula. • These are known as isomers. • The difference in structure sometimes affects the properties of isomers. • The more Carbons atoms in the chain, the more possible isomers exist.

  11. Rings • Usually contain 5 or 6 Carbons

  12. Recap • 1) what are the three forms that Carbon can be in? • 2) what is an organic compound? • 3) what three structural formations can hydrocarbons be in? • 4) what is a hydrocarbon?

  13. Homework • Continue working on your Project.

  14. DO NOW • What are the three formations that hydrocarbons can be in?

  15. Isomers • Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called isomers. • Differences in structure affect some properties of isomers.

  16. DO NOW • Take out you homework • What is an isomer? • What are fossil fuels?

  17. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons • A hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple bond • There are three types • Alkenes • Alkynes • Aromatic hydrocarbons

  18. Alkenes • Hydrocarbons that contain one or more Carbon to Carbon double bond are alkenes • These compounds end in -ene

  19. Alkynes • Are straight or branched-chain hydrocarbons that have one or more triple bonds • The most reactive hydrocarbon compounds • Names end in –yne

  20. Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Unsaturated hydrocarbons in a ring structure • The six valence electrons are shared between the Carbons equally • These have strong odors or aromas (hence the name aromatic)

  21. Fossil Fuels • Fossil Fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons that form from the remains of plants or animals. • The three types of fossil fuels are coal, gas, and petroleum. • The type of the fossil fuel depends on the origin of the plant or animal and the conditions it underwent during decay. • The combustion of fossil fuels is used to create heat or for transportation.

  22. Coal • Began to form about 300 million years ago when plants were pressed under swamps. • Has a high ratio of Carbon to Hydrogens that’s why there is so much soot.

  23. Natural Gas • Formed from the remains of marine organisms. • Mainly methane • Found along with deposits of coal and petroleum

  24. Petroleum • From marine organisms • Pumped from beneath Earth’s surface • Complex liquid mixture that must be separated in order to be used.

  25. Combustion of Fossil Fuels • The primary products of combustion are carbon dioxide and water.

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