Distributed Intelligence Provides Self-Healing for the Grid

1. Distributed Intelligence Provides Self-Healing for the Grid Michael.Edmonds@sandc.com Christopher.McCarthy@sandc.com Session 5 Paper 1199

2. Distributed Intelligence Distributed Intelligence makes sense: Traditional centralized generation and one-way power flow model is changing Distributed Energy Resources will connect at distribution voltages Local logic for bi-directional protection and automation acts on real-time information Devices are becoming more intelligent and sensing more data. Onboard computation enables calculations and decision capabilities Old New

3. Smart Switching for the Smart Grid Fault-Pulses Fault-Pulses Initial Trip Test 1 Test 2 Initial Trip Test 1 Test 2 Time (sec) Time (sec) Sensors, communications, protection, measurements, standalone or system integrated Recloser IntelliRuper™ New Types of switching – “Pulse closing” significantly reduce the damaging impacting of full fault current reclosing – 98% reduction in fault energy 15

4. Point-on-Wave Closing Closing angle = 90° (voltage peak) symmetrical fault current Voltage Current

5. Point-on-Wave Closing A closing angle of 118° after a voltage zero yields an initial minor loop CLOSING ANGLE 118° AFTER VOLTAGE ZERO Voltage This Is the Pulse! Current

6. Pulse Closing Energy Fault I2t let-through is typically less than 2% compared to a conventional recloser Fault 1 Fault 2 Fault 3

7. Reclosing Vs Pulse Closing Energy Conventional reclosers close, or reclose Close and reclose are the same action three-phase group operated random point-on-wave

8. Conventional Reclosing B Phase Permanent Fault Additional Sht Ccts applied to the system Initial Trip Test 1 Test 2 Time (Not to Scale)

9. Pulseclosing B Phase Permanent Fault Fault-Pulses Fault-Pulses Time (Not to Scale) Initial Trip Test 1 Test 2

10. SUBSTATION BREAKER MAX CLEAR MIN RESPONSE LARGEST FUSE ON CIRCUIT Circuit Protection • Station breaker relay curve • Min Response • Tolerance • Breaker clearing time • Downstream interrupting devices • Fuses • Reclosers • Room for more

11. A1 Protection Setup A2 • Substation relay settings • Enter downstream fuse characteristics • Generate Curve TCC A1 TCC FUSE TCC FUSE

12. A1 Protection Setup A2 • Repeat process until cannot coordinate A3 A3 A4 TCC FUSE TCC FUSE TCC FUSE

13. PulseFinder • Non-communicating automatic sectionalizing & restoration • Coordination as much as possible • Shared curves for remaining devices

14. PulseFinder • T=0 • Fault in segment 5 • All PulseClosers with A3 curve trip

15. PulseFinder • T=1 sec • IR-2 pulses

16. PulseFinder • T=1 sec • IR-2 pulses and closes

17. PulseFinder • T=1.5 sec • IR-3 pulses

18. PulseFinder • T=1.5 sec • IR-3 pulses and closes

19. PulseFinder • T=2 sec • IR-4 pulses

20. PulseFinder • T=2 sec • IR-4 pulses and continues PulseClosing test sequence

21. Self Healing

22. Self Healing • Each device is enabled to talk to other team members • Exchange information on voltage, current, status, capacity • With loss of supply the team knows actual system status and reconfigures network to bring on new sources while dropping load if so required according to prioritization • Requires communication between devices, lower latency reasonable bandwidth.

23. Rapid Self-Healing 350A Max 100A Max SRC 1 SRC 2 Normal circuit condition. Note source capacities. Loss of SRC 3. IR2 TEAM160A IR1 IR3 TEAM2120A 0A 120A N.O. N.O. IR4 400A Max TEAM430A TEAM370A SRC 3 SRC 4 IR7 IR8 IR6 TEAM540A IR5 260A 0A N.O. IR9 TEAM660A

24. Rapid Self-Healing 350A Max 100A Max SRC 1 SRC 2 IR5 senses loss of voltage, opens, and immediately initiates Rapid Self-Healing. IR2 TEAM160A IR1 IR3 TEAM2120A 0A 120A N.O. N.O. IR4 400A Max TEAM430A TEAM370A SRC 3 SRC 4 IR7 IR8 IR6 TEAM540A IR5 260A 0A N.O. IR9 TEAM660A

25. Rapid Self-Healing 350A Max 100A Max SRC 1 SRC 2 IR8 is chosen as preferred source due to higher capacity. IR5 opens and IR8 closes to restore TEAMS 1, 3, 4, 5, 6. Restoration complete! IR2 TEAM160A IR1 IR3 TEAM2120A 0A 120A N.O. N.O. IR4 400A Max TEAM430A TEAM370A SRC 3 SRC 4 IR7 IR8 IR6 TEAM540A IR5 0A 260A N.O. IR9 TEAM660A

26. Integration with DMS/GIS • Benefits • Only maintain one master database: GIS • Ensures restoration system in the field is up-to-date with latest field ‘as build data’ • System propagates to each team member ie only one needs to be updated

27. Integration with DMS/GIS GIS Database Get connectivity model and device attributes

28. Integration with DMS/GIS Display updated IT-SG configurations for user to acknowledge Daily updates of field work, such as new devices installed, or lines reconductored GIS Database Automatic daily push of updated circuits

29. Integration with DMS/GIS Display updated IT-SG configurations for user to acknowledge DMS planning functions may desire a new “normal” configuration DMS Automatic push of updated circuits GIS Database

30. Layered Intelligence™ Hybrid control systems (centralized and distributed) complement each other: Distributed Intelligence acts in real-time for protection and restoration, takes care of the problem and reports complete status to central system operators can then fine-tune the system integrating Distributed Intelligence with centralized exchange of information example: implement “new normal” configuration turn data (Scada) into information

31. Operational Time frame Centralized Control Distributed Intelligence

32. Systems with distributed Intelligence Communications Smart Switching Existing Switching Devices: upgrade to distributed intelligence Substation based Energy Storage Status & Data SCADA switches Pad Mounted Control Centre

33. Questions?