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An Introduction - Smart Grid 101 Chapters 1-3

An Introduction - Smart Grid 101 Chapters 1-3. Chuck Goldman, Project Manager Electricity Markets and Policy Group Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Roger Levy, Lead Consultant. February 2010. Discussion Outline – Smart Grid 101. Smart Grid 101. 1.0 Define Smart Grid .

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An Introduction - Smart Grid 101 Chapters 1-3

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  1. An Introduction - Smart Grid 101 Chapters 1-3 Chuck Goldman, Project Manager Electricity Markets and Policy Group Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Roger Levy, Lead Consultant February 2010

  2. Discussion Outline – Smart Grid 101 Smart Grid 101

  3. 1.0 Define Smart Grid

  4. 1.1 Define Smart Grid If you were to start from scratch today to design an electric system for your community, what would it look like ?

  5. 1.2 Define Smart Grid Three Questions What is a “Smart Grid” ? How is a Smart Grid different from the existing grid ? Why do we need it?

  6. 1.3 Define Smart Grid Smart Grid is System Integration The Smart Grid is a system of information and communication applications integrated with electric generation, transmission, distribution, and end use technologies which will : [1] enable consumers to manage their usage and chose the most economically efficient offerings [2] use automation and alternative resources to maintain delivery system reliability and stability, and [3] utilize the most environmentally gentle renewable, storage, and generationalternatives. Promote Customer Choice Improve Reliability Integrate Renewables

  7. 1.4 Define Smart Grid • The Existing Utility Grid • Centralized generation • Power flows from the utility to the customer • Periodic billing Customer Devices Meters Bulk Power Generation Service Provider Bulk Power Transmission Power Distribution Energy Bill Cumulative Usage Substation

  8. 1.5 Define Smart Grid • Smart Grid – Adding Generation and Sensors • Generation alternatives added throughout the system • Power flows both directions between the utility and customer • T&D system instrumented with sensors and switches • Customers enabled with smart appliances Smart Appliances Generation Alternatives Generation Alternatives Sensors Sensors Sensors Generation Alternatives Customer Devices Meters Bulk Power Generation Service Provider Bulk Power Transmission Power Distribution Energy Bill Cumulative Usage Substation

  9. 1.6 Define Smart Grid • Smart Grid – Adding Communications and Information • Information flows link all system elements • Expert systems monitor/react to power flows, balance supply and demand • Demand-side response requires automated transactions and coordination. Smart Appliances Customer Authorized Usage and Billing Information Service Providers Generation Alternatives Generation Alternatives Sensors Sensors Sensors Generation Alternatives Customer Devices Meters Bulk Power Generation Service Provider Bulk Power Transmission Power Distribution Energy Bill Interval readings, voltage, outage and other information Substation Price, Reliability, Event Signals, Historical Usage, Alerts, Other Information

  10. 1.71 Define Smart Grid

  11. 1.8 Define Smart Grid References

  12. 2.0 A Smart Grid Vision

  13. 2.1 A Smart Grid Vision One of Many Visions * • ..expand the infrastructure for moving electricity from where it is generated to where it is needed • ..accommodate distributed energy from local areas and, • Make the grid ‘smart’ so that it can monitor and balance the load, • ..capitalize on a massive national fleet of clean plug-in cars. • * Al Gore's 'Unified Smart Grid' vision for repowering the USA - will it happen?, November 8, 2008, http://blogs.zdnet.com/collaboration/?p=160 Regulator Utility Customer Cost Recovery Value, Privacy Cost Effectiveness, Economic Efficiency, Equity

  14. 2.2 A Smart Grid Vision Basic Questions • What problem(s) are you trying to solve: manage future costs, improve reliability, or integrate renewables ? • Which perspective(s) are you trying to serve: society, end-user (rate payer), or the utility ? • How is the “Smart Grid” different from what you’ve already been doing ? • What are the costs and benefits of implementing Smart Grid? • Where do you start and what information do you need to proceed: [1] Pilot programs or [2] a Transition Plan ?

  15. 2.3 A Smart Grid Vision Attributes • PHEV’s 2. Advanced Metering 3. Dynamic Rates 4. Sensing 5. Automation 6. Expert Systems 7. New Technology

  16. 2.4 A Smart Grid Vision Attributes • PHEV’s 2. Advanced Metering 3. Dynamic Rates 4. Sensing 5. Automation 6. Expert Systems 7. New Technology

  17. 2.5 A Smart Grid Vision Attributes • PHEV’s 2. Advanced Metering 3. Dynamic Rates 4. Sensing 5. Automation 6. Expert Systems 7. New Technology Sources The Smart Grid – Benefits and Challenges, EEI Annual Convention, J.Miller – Modern Grid Strategy Team, June 16, 2008 What will the Smart Grid Look Like ?, A Vision for the Smart Grid., DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, June 2008. Miscellaneous public reports, press releases, presentations, and private sources.

  18. 2.6 A Smart Grid Vision References

  19. 3.0 Reliability

  20. 3.1 Reliability Defining Reliability • “In brief, reliability has to do with total electric interruptions - complete loss of voltage, not just deformations of the electric sine wave. Reliability indices typically consider such aspects as : • the number of customers affected; • the connected load; • the duration of the interruption measured in seconds, minutes, hours, or days; • the amount of power (kVA) interrupted; and • the frequency of interruptions. “ • Source: Measurement Practices for Reliability and Power Quality, ORNL/TM-2004/91, June 2004, pg.3. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/btc/apps/Restructuring/ORNLTM200491FINAL.pdf

  21. 3.2 Reliability What are the Objectives ? Reduce the Frequency of outages ? Reduce Outage Duration ? Contain the Magnitude / Scope of outages ? Improve Customer Notification ? Reduce Unserved kWh ? Reduce Customer Outage Costs ? Reduce the Outage Damage Function ? Improve Reliability Indices ? Improve Power Quality 2/11/2011 22

  22. 3.3 Reliability Major Causes of Power Outages in the U.S. Detroit Edison Example • Momentary outages* • Result from interference on power lines caused by animal or tree branch contact. • Usually last for a few seconds or less. • Automatic devices on power lines quickly isolate the problem and typically restore power within moments. • Sustained Outages • Planned or accidental total loss of power caused by storms, accidents or equipment damage. • Usually last more than five minutes. MOST CUSTOMER OUTAGES RESULT FROM DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PROBLEMS, NOT TRANSMISSION OR GENERATION EVENTS * Tracking the Reliability of the U.S. Source: http://my.dteenergy.com/home/powerProblems/electricityOut/index.html

  23. 3.4 Reliability Reliability Metrics System Average Interruption Duration Index [SAIDI ] Σ Customer Interruption Durations SAIDI = Total Number of Customers Served System Average Interruption Frequency Index [SAIFI ] Σ Number of Customer Interrupted SAIFI = Total Number of Customers Served Customer Average Interruption Duration Index [CAIDI ] SAIDI CAIDI = SAIFI Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index [MAIFI ] Σ Total Number of Customers Momentary Interruptions MAIFI = Total Number of Customers Served

  24. 3.5 Reliability Problems and Issues • Bulk Power outages: • Reported in near real-time to both NERC and DOE • Reported to NERC on Form OE-417, “Electric Emergency Incident and Disturbance Report”. • Distribution outages • Reported to state regulatory agencies • No standard definitions or reporting for major and sustained outages. • Power quality and momentary outages not addressed. 100 87 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 26 20 7 10 2 1 0 < 1 min > 1 min > 2 min > 5 min > 10 min Figure 6. Utility Practices for Defining Sustained Interruptions * * Electric Power System: An Assessment of Publicly Available Information Reported to State Public Utility Commissions, October 2008, Eto and La Commare, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

  25. 3.6 Reliability Outage Costs Outage Cost Relative to Residential Average** Example A 1 Example B 2 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.5 8.0 1.0 Residential Agricultural 0.4 Commercial 3.0 Industrial 8.3 Outage cost normalized to Residential ‘1 hour’. Service Area* 3.4 Estimated Cost per outage. [1] Source: Adapted from “Understanding the Cost of Power Interruptions to U.S. Electricity Customers, Hamachi,K and Eto,J, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Sept. 2004, Table 10. Tobit Regression Estimated Cost-per-Outage-per-Customer for the U.S. (US weighted 2002 dollars) *Represents the weighted average across customer types and aggregate customer usage for a 2-hour winter peak time outage. [1] Source: Adapted from “Value Based Planning for Electric Utilities”, CEC Report P300-87-001, December 1986.

  26. 3.7 Reliability • Defining and Measuring Reliability: Observations • There is no consistent definition, no universally applied industry standard for defining and reporting reliability [ outages ]. • “Major” and “Sustained” events don’t capture power quality (sags and surges) or “momentary” outages. • The value inherent in “outage management” is the reduction of the customer outage cost, which is a function of multiple variables including frequency, duration and customer type. • Which specific Smart Grid measures contribute to reliability improvements? • Clarify Objectives • What are the reliability objectives (frequency, duration, cost…)? • Is there more than one solution ? • What reliability improvements will have the greatest impact? • Where in the system will reliability investments have the greatest value? 2/11/2011 27

  27. 3.8 Reliability References

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