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Introduction to Cognition http ://education-portal/academy/lesson/intro-to-intelligence.html

Cognitive Psychology = Study of mental processes…how humans receive info from their environment & then Modify it Make it meaningful Store the info Retrieve the info Use the info Communicate info to others.

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Introduction to Cognition http ://education-portal/academy/lesson/intro-to-intelligence.html

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  1. Cognitive Psychology = Study of mental processes…how humans receive info from their environment & then • Modify it • Make it meaningful • Store the info • Retrieve the info • Use the info • Communicate info to others Introduction to Cognitionhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/intro-to-intelligence.html

  2. What is Cognition? • Literally “thinking” • The brain’s representations of information in the world around us

  3. Circle of Thought 5 Core Functions of Human Thinking • Describe • Elaborate • Decide • Plan • Guide/Act

  4. Concepts • A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. • Enables us to chunk large amounts of information – don’t need to treat every new piece of information as unique. • Chairs • Holidays • Political ideologies • Psychologists

  5. Concepts = Categories Categories: mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people. .

  6. What’s the category? Human infant Photo albums Jewelry Dog Insurance documents Data discs Tapestries “Things to take from a burning house”

  7. Concepts • Category Hierarchies – We organize concepts into category hierarchies

  8. Prototypes = objects or events that represent concepts: Mental image or best example of a category

  9. Solving Problems • Algorithm • A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem • Heuristic • A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently (speedier but error-prone)

  10. Obstacles… • In the Thompson family there are 5 brothers, and each brother has one sister. If you count Mrs. Thompson, how many females are there in the Thompson family? • Fifteen percent of people in Topeka have unlisted phone numbers. You select 200 names at random from the Topeka phone book. How many of these people can be expected to have unlisted phone numbers?

  11. Without lifting your pencil from the paper, draw no more than 4 lines that will cross through all 9 dots.

  12. Obstacles to problem solving • Irrelevant Information • Unnecessary constraints (self-imposed limitations)

  13. Obstacles to Problem Solving • Confirmation Bias • A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s perceptions • Seinfeld Example • Fixation • The inability to see a problem from a new perspective • Mental Set = tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method worked in the past • Functional Fixedness = form of cognitive bias in which a person is unable to think of other, more creative uses for an object aside from its traditional use Learned

  14. Representativeness Heuristic • A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes • people determine the probability of something based on assumptions or past experience • used quite often when making decisions….we make our decisions based on the likeliness of a sample to occur in the population.

  15. Heuristics Example • Pick a number between 1 – 9 • Subtract 5 • Multiply by 3 • Square the number (ex 6 x 6 = 36) • Add the 2 digits together (ex 3 + 6 = 9) • If your number is less than 5, add 5 HOWEVER if you number is 5 or above, subtract 4 • Multiply by 2 • Subtract 6 • Find the corresponding letter in the alphabet • Think of a country that begins with that letter • Find the 2nd letter of the country & think of a mammal that begins with that letter

  16. Heuristics example continued • Pick a number between 1 – 9 • Find the corresponding letter in the alphabet • Think of a country that begins with that letter • Find the 2nd letter of the country & think of a mammal that begins with that letter • Think of the color of that mammal • Is it a grey elephant from Denmark?

  17. Using and Misusing Heuristics • Availability Heuristic • Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory • If instances come to mind = we presume such events are common

  18. Using and Misusing Heuristics • Anchoring Heuristic • Starting with an implicitly suggested reference point (the "anchor") and make adjustments to it to reach their estimate • Once the anchor is set, it usually wont change. • Videos = • http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/heuristics.html

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