1 / 51

Psychology Chapter 18 – Psychological Disorders Chapter 19 – Methods of Therapy

Psychology Chapter 18 – Psychological Disorders Chapter 19 – Methods of Therapy. R. M. Tolles. Psychological Disorders. Psychological Disorder a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: Atypical not enough in itself Disturbing varies with time and culture Maladaptive

gcrespo
Download Presentation

Psychology Chapter 18 – Psychological Disorders Chapter 19 – Methods of Therapy

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. PsychologyChapter 18 – Psychological DisordersChapter 19 – Methods of Therapy R. M. Tolles

  2. Psychological Disorders • Psychological Disorder a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: • Atypical • not enough in itself • Disturbing • varies with time and culture • Maladaptive • harmful • Unjustifiable • By what standard?

  3. Defined as Function • Individual is not functioning adequately based on either his/her standards or according to significant others in the person’s life. • Almost all the disorders we discuss have symptoms that everyone experiences. Diagnosis of disorder depends of intensity, length of time and how much it’s impacting on the person. • Depression • Anxiety • Psychosis?

  4. Psychological Disorders • Medical Model • concept that diseases have physical causes • can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured • assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

  5. Problems with medical model • Effects of labeling person, especially if based on limited number of symptoms • May limit true understanding of behavior in favor of “listed” symptoms and assumptions about outcome • Confirmation bias: future information interpreted in a biased way based on label • Similar problems can exist with diagnosis physical ailments

  6. Psychological Disorders • Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective • assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

  7. Bio-Psycho-Social Approach

  8. Bio-Psycho-Social Approach • These factors change over time. Hence, it’s harmful to place a constant label on a person • “Normal” behavior changes over cultures, sub-cultures and time. • E.g., is gang behavior or violence “abnormal”? • It’s more important to understand behavior (and symptoms) then worry about labels.

  9. Classifying Psychological Disorders (medical approach dominates) • DSM-IV • American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) • a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders • presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)

  10. Classifying Psychological Disorders • Neurotic Disorder usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially • Psychotic Disorder • person loses contact with reality • experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

  11. Rates of Psychological Disorders

  12. Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety Disorders • distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety • Generalized Anxiety Disorder • person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal • Persistence (out of control) • Problem in identifying source

  13. Anxiety Disorders • Panic Disorder • marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation • Person comes to fear the panic attack itself and start to avoid any situations or places that might provoke an attack

  14. Anxiety Disorders • Phobia • persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

  15. Anxiety Disorders • Common and uncommon fears

  16. Anxiety Disorders

  17. Causes: Learning Perspective • Fears are learned thought classical conditioning • Stimulus generalization often occurs • Development of behaviors to avoid the anxiety • Perhaps also through observational learning

  18. Causes: Biological Influence • Research with identical twins and non-human primates suggest a genetic aspect

  19. Anxiety Disorders • PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder • High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention (impulse control and executive function) • Effectiveness of drug therapy

  20. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Disorders • conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings • Not uncommon when in a highly traumatic situation to feel “removed” from the situation. Problem is when this becomes more then a brief situation

  21. Dissociative Disorder • Dissociative Identity Disorder • rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities • formerly called multiple personality disorder • At Issue: Is it a real phenomena • Skeptics– Everyone has difference aspects of their personality. These get exaggerated by person and perhaps encourage by therapist • Believers– Personality differences are dramatic (even handedness might be effected) and person may have many personalities (e.g., 3 faces of eve– 28) • Origins from sever trauma especially in childhood • Both may be right

  22. Personality Disorders • Personality Disorders (vs. mood disorder) • disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

  23. Types of Personality Disorders • Fearful, afraid of rejection, withdrawn • Extreme eccentrics– “The Character” • Narcissistic– Over exaggerates self importance • Borderline– Unstable identity, emotions, relationships, etc.

  24. Personality Disorders • Antisocial Personality Disorder • disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members • may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist • Most criminals do not have this– they show concern for family and friends

  25. Murderer Normal Personality Disorders • PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex

  26. Mood Disorders • Mood Disorders • characterized by emotional extremes • Major Depressive Disorder • a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

  27. Mood Disorders • Manic Episode • a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state • Bipolar Disorder • a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania • formerly called manic-depressive disorder

  28. Mood Disorders-Depression • Canadian depression rates

  29. Mood Disorders- Suicide

  30. Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood Disorders-Bipolar • PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches

  31. Mood Disorders-Depression • Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others

  32. Mood Disorders-Depression • The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

  33. Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia • literal translation “split mind” • a group of severe disorders characterized by: • disorganized and delusional thinking • disturbed perceptions • inappropriate emotions and actions

  34. Schizophrenia • Delusions • false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders • Hallucinations • sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

  35. Schizophrenia

  36. Causes of Schizophrenia • Evidence of both chemical and anatomical differences in the brain • There are clear genetic predispositions

  37. Schizophrenia

  38. Causes of Schizophrenia • Viral infections during pregnancy? • Role of environment is unclear

  39. Anti-Psychotic Drugs for Treatment • Clorazil: Sometimes awakens catatonic patients. • Clozapine: Dampens responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. • Thorazine: Omits delusions and hallucinations.

  40. Psychosurgery • Frontal Lobe Lobotomy: Cut fibers in the frontal lobe. In the 1950s many were conducted, today is is generally illegal, only used in the most severe cases.

  41. Cognitive Therapy • Tries to teach people more positive ways of thinking. Attempts to replace negative thoughts with rational responses. • Internalized Sentences: Talking to one’s self, using self-defeating thoughts. Personalize failure; overgeneralize, jump to conclusions.

  42. Cognitive Therapy • Thought Processes: Need to change thoughts from being internalized, stable and global. • Rational-Emotive Therapy: Albert Ellis (Aaron Beck), vigorously challenges peoples illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions to stop catastrophizing and awufilizing.

  43. Humanistic Therapy • Try to move one toward self-fulfillment and to take responsibility for their actions. • Client-Centered Therapy: (Rogers), listening with genuine acceptance to help them begin to heal themselves (non-directive).

  44. Humanistic Therapy • Existential Therapy: Helps clients find meaning in existence. Gives them the power to control their own destinies. • Active Listening: Echoing, Restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expresses.

  45. Humanistic Therapy • Unconditional Positive Regard: Therapists must be warm and show unshakeable regard for their client. They must be genuine and honest.

  46. Group Therapy • Helps patients express their problems and show that they are not alone in suffering from this illness.

  47. Gestalt Therapy • Commonly used in institutions and prisons. Focuses on looking at an individual as a whole. Can teach individuals to be more self-assertive and to use more self-revelation.

  48. Family Therapy • Usually used to help children and adolescents. Role-Play, facilitate good communication.

  49. Eclectic Approach • Combine one or more treatments to most effectively treat the client. More popular type of treatment.

  50. Effectiveness of Psychotherapy • Good Relationships with therapist seems to be more effective than type of treatment used. • Alternatives: Encounter Groups, self-help tapes, books

More Related