A Healthy, Active Lifestyle & Your Muscular System

1. A Healthy, Active Lifestyle & Your Muscular System • 1.2.4 a • Understand the role of the muscular system during physical activity and how major muscle groups benefit from particular types of activity • 1.2.4b • Understand the role of muscles in movement

2. What are the main jobs of the muscular system? • The muscular system is the driving force behind movement, which happens as a result of muscles contracting and lengthening. Muscles also define body shape and maintain posture.

3. What are ‘voluntary muscles’? • Voluntary muscles bring about movement. These are the muscles which can be consciously controlled, and can be trained to be stronger. These are the muscles used when exercising and playing sport

4. How do muscles create movement? • Muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton by tendons. Each muscle is made up of muscle fibres and when these contract, or pull against the skeleton, movement takes place.

5. What is meant by the term ‘antagonistic pairs’? • Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs, so when one muscle contracts and pulls the other one relaxes to allow the joint to work.

6. What are the 11 muscles important to the GCSE examination? • Deltoid - shoulder muscles (abducts the upper arm from body) • Trapezius - upper back muscle (rotates the shoulder blades backwards) • Latissimus dorsi - lower back muscle (rotates upper arm at the shoulders) • Pectorals - front of chest muscles (adduction of the arm) • Abdominals - stomach muscles (flexion and rotation of the trunk) • Biceps - top of arm muscles (flexion of arm at the elbow) • Triceps - underneath of arm muscles (extension of arm at the elbow) • Gluteals - bum muscles (extension of the upper leg) • Quadriceps - front of leg muscles (extension of the leg at the knee) • Hamstrings - back of leg muscles (flexion of the leg at the knee) • Gastrocnemius - calf muscles (plantar-flexion of the foot)

7. What are ‘isometric contractions’? • Isometric contractions are muscle contractions which result in increased tension but the length of the muscle stays the same, for example when pushing against a wall.

8. What are ‘isotonic contractions’? • Isotonic contractions are muscle contractions which result in limb movement.

9. What are the long-term benefits of the muscular system resulting from regular exercise? • 1.Muscle hypertrophy - when using the principle progressive overload, the muscle’s fibres become torn causing trauma. The muscle will rebuild itself, making it slightly stronger. This increase in muscle mass is muscle hypertrophy. • 2.Increase in muscular strength - muscle hypertrophy will lead to increased muscular strength. This can also lead to an increase in power (strength x speed • 3. Increase in muscular endurance - as with muscular strength, muscles will be able to withstand more and more and they are progressively overloaded, therefore muscular endurance will increase.

10. What potential injuries are there to the muscular system? • Soft tissue injuries to muscles - these include tears, pulls, and strains. These occur when small muscles fibres are torn from their attachment to the tendon. During exercise, muscle fibres have to contract and relax very quickly, this can cause connective tissue and blood vessels inside them to be torn. • Muscle atrophy - When strength training is stopped, a loss of muscle mass and strength can occur, this is called muscle atrophy.

11. What is meant by the acronym ‘RICE’? • Rest - a period of time to allow the injury to recover. • Ice - this directs cold to the injured tissue and can relief pain and limit swelling. • Compression - helps limit and reduce swelling of the injury. • Elevation - reduces swelling by elevating injured part of body above the level of the heart.

12. The Muscular System These are the major muscles of the body… Deltoids Trapezius Pectorals Triceps Biceps Latissimus Dorsi Abdominals Gluteals Quadriceps Hamstrings Gastrocnemius Skip to labelled diagram Front View Back View

13. Functions of the Body Muscles Extends the upper leg. running Gluteus maximus . Flexes the legs at the knees. Hamstrings Plantar flexes the foot. Running – pushing onto toes. Gastrocnemius

14. Hold and rotates the shoulder blades backwards Rowing . Trapezius Latissimus Dorsi Swimming butterfly. Rotates upper arm at the shoulders. Extends arm at elbow. Straightening the arm to throw a cricket ball. Triceps

15. Serving in tennis when arm goes above the head. Abducts (takes away ) the upper arm from the body. Deltoids Bending the arm to throw a cricket ball. Flexes the arms at the elbows. Biceps Extends the legs at the knees. Quadriceps Kicking a football.

16. Adducts the arm. Swimming front crawl. Pectorals Rowing . Flexes and rotates the trunk. Abdominals

17. Coronary Artery 1. Cardiac Muscle • The cardiac muscle works without you thinking about it - there is no conscious control. • Even when asleep it is capable of constant,automatic and rhythmical contractions. • It is only found in the walls of the heart, which has it’s own blood supply provided by the coronaryartery. • When it contracts, the heart pumps blood to the lungs and around the rest of the body. Question: What happens when the coronary arteries become blocked? The person will suffer a heart attack,as the cardiac muscleof the heart needs a constant supply of oxygen to keep contracting (beating). If immediate medical attention is not given the person will die. Answer:

18. 2. Involuntary Muscle • Involuntary muscle works without you thinking about it - there is no conscious control. • Also know as smooth muscle. • Found in the walls of arteries,veins,stomach and intestine. Artery Small Intestine Vein

19. 3. Voluntary Muscle • You have full conscious control over voluntary muscles. However they can also be involved in involuntary reflexes. • They are also know as striated or skeletal muscle. • They are attached to bone and cause the skeleton to move. • Examples include the triceps and hamstrings. • They are the largest group of muscles in the body.

20. Antagonistic Muscles • Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the bones by strong cords known as tendons. • They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create movement. Movement of the armat the elbow

21. Flexion (Bending) of the Arm • The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist or primemover. • The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place is called the antagonist. Antagonist (Triceps relax) Agonist or Prime Mover (Biceps contract) • Other muscles support the prime mover (agonist) in creating movement and these are called synergists.

22. The Origin and Insertion • When a muscle contracts, only one bone moves leaving the other stationary. The points at which the tendons are attached to the bone are known as the origin and the insertion. • The origin is where the tendon of the muscle joins the stationary bone(s). • The insertion is where the tendon of the muscle joins the moving bone(s). Origin The arm is being flexed. Insertion The radius and ulna are the moving bones. The humerus and scapular are stationary bones.

23. Extension (Straightening) of the Arm Locate and name the following parts involved in the extension of the arm: • Agonist (prime mover) • Antagonist • Origin • Insertion • Any Bones Scapula Origin Triceps: agonist (prime mover) contracting muscle Biceps: antagonist relaxing muscle Radius Humerus Carpals Insertion Phalanges Metacarpals Ulna

24. What Makes a Muscle Contract? We have conscious control over all our skeletal muscles and as a result, these muscles will only contract when told to do so by the CentralNervousSystem(CNS).

25. Types of Muscle Contraction When a muscle contracts, it does so in2 main ways… IsometricContraction or IsotonicContraction. 1.Isometric Contraction • The muscle stays the samelength as it works. • As a result there is no movement. • The muscles in the back are a good example - the trapezius works in this way when maintaining our posture. • The hand push is another good example of isometric contraction. Force Force There is no movement!

26. Force 2.Isotonic Contraction • The muscle changes length as it works; either lengthening or shortening. • Shortening is called a concentriccontraction. • Lengthening is called an eccentriccontraction. • The hamstrings and quadriceps in the legs work in this way when performing squats. • The 'biceps curl' is a good example of isotonic contraction. • Isotonic = WITH MOVEMENT • The muscle contraction causes movement of the bones and the body can be seen to physically move • To remember: • -Tonic water is fizzy the bubbles move

27. Immediate Effects of Exercise Use your revision text book to fill the information here

28. The Effects of Regular Training on the muscular system Use your revision text book to fill the information here

29. Muscles and Injury Use your revision text book to fill the information here

30. Lifestyle , performance-enhancing drugs and the muscular system Use your revision text book to fill the information here