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New Look at Living Things. 1600s scientists observed cells Most did not understand what they saw 1838 – cell theory All things are made up of tiny units of matter called cells These cells divide and multiply
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New Look at Living Things • 1600s scientists observed cells • Most did not understand what they saw • 1838 – cell theory • All things are made up of tiny units of matter called cells • These cells divide and multiply • They cause organisms to grow and mature • Developed by Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
The Diversity of Life • Cell theory failed to explain plants and animal varieties • 1800s theory of evolution was proposed • Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck found similarities in fossils and living organisms • Charles Darwin built on Lamarck’s idea • Evolution based on natural selection
Development of Genetics • Gregor Mendel • Experimented with pea plants • Trying to understand how characteristics passed between generations • He discovered a gene • Founded the study of Genetics
Medical Advances • Fighting Diseases • 1796 Edward Jenner developed smallpox vaccine • Louis Pasteur recognized the impact of bacteria causing disease • Showed bacteria could be killed • New Approaches to Surgery • Sir James Simpson discovered chloroform • Joseph Lister introduced methods to sterilize instruments
Breakthroughs in Physics • Atomic theory – all matter is made up of atoms • John Dalton provided proof • Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X rays • Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radium • Max Planck theorized that energy is released in units called quanta
Social Sciences • People started using scientific method to study human behavior • Auguste Comte believed there was a set of laws to human behavior • Father of sociology • Sociology – study of human behavior in groups • Psychology – study of human behavior in individuals • Ivan Pavlov – noted that human actions are unconscious • Sigmund Freud – father of psychoanalysis