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Unit 2 – Invasive Species Management Hierarchy

Strategies for Invasive Species Prevention. Unit 2 – Invasive Species Management Hierarchy. Randy G. Westbrooks Rebecca M. Westbrooks Steven Manning. Global Invasive Species Programme Cape Town, South Africa. Unit 2 Objectives.

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Unit 2 – Invasive Species Management Hierarchy

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  1. Strategies for Invasive Species Prevention Unit 2 – Invasive Species Management Hierarchy Randy G. WestbrooksRebecca M. WestbrooksSteven Manning Global Invasive Species ProgrammeCape Town, South Africa

  2. Unit 2 Objectives • Outline Pre-Border and Border Strategies for IAS Management – the first line of defense against IAS • Describe the elements and processes involves with Early Detection and Rapid Response for preventing the establishment and spread of new IAS within a country • Describe the various kinds of Control Strategies that are employed to contain and suppress large populations of IAS within a country

  3. Unit 2 Session Outline. • Session 1 – • Pre-Border and Border Strategies – First Line of Defense Against IAS • Session 2 – • Post-Border Prevention – Early Detection and Rapid Response – Second Line of Defense • Session 3 – • Post-Border Control Strategies – Third Line of Defense • Session 4 – • Traditional Agency Programs and Interagency Partnering

  4. Detection Containment Eradication Prevention Exclusion Preclearance Control Country B Country A Traditional Crop Protection Strategies

  5. Session 1. Pre-Border and Border Clearance.First Line of Defense Against IAS. • Production of Pest Free Commodities • Preclearance at Ports of Export • Port of Entry Inspection and Clearance

  6. 2.1. Production of Pest Free Commodities in Exporting Countries. • Imported Meat from FMD Free Countries • Certified Raw Wood Products • Citrus from Disease and Fruitfly Free Countries • Certified Crop Seeds • Weed Free • Disease Free • Establishment of Pest Free Zones • Certified Pest Free Zones (IPPC) • Pest Free Zones for Biodiversity

  7. 2.1. Regulatory Pest Free Zones.S.E. Australia Fruitfly Exclusion Zone. Queensland Fruitfly (Bactocera tryoni) Declared Pest Free in March, 2006

  8. 2.1. Regulatory Pest Free Zones.S.E. Australia Fruitfly Exclusion Zone. Well Tended Fruit Tree. Neglected Fruit Tree.

  9. 2.1. Pest Free Zones for Biodiversity.Tararu Valley Sanctuary – North Island, NZ. • Extinct Species - Moa, Haast Eagle, Giant-gecko • Bird Species Gone from Tararu Valley • Kokako, Saddleback, North Island Robin, Kiwi, Whitehead, Kakariki, Matata (fernbird) • 100% Pest Free Zone • 15-20 Acres Fenced • Eradication of All Pest Mammals • Return of Native Species • Giraffe Weevil (Lasiorhynchus barbicornis) • Kiwi – NZ National Bird

  10. 2.2. Preclearance at Ports of Export. • Inspection of High Risk Commodities for Export • Treatment of Infested Commodities • Advantages • Thorough Examination of Shipment Before Stuffed into Container • Mitigation of Problem in Exporting Country • Identifies Pest Problems in Crop Production System • Facilitates Movement of Shipment Through Port of Entry

  11. 2.3. Port of Entry Inspection and Clearance. • Means of Conveyance • Intermodal Containers • People and Baggage • Cargo and Commodities

  12. 2.3.5. Port of Entry Inspection.Basic Equipment.

  13. 2.3.5. Treatment of IAS at Ports of Entry. • Commodity Treatments • Governed by Strict Regulations • Treatment Options • Treat at Port of Entry • Forward under Bond for Treatment at Destination • Reject Entry and Re-Export • Treatment Methods • Chemical Fumigation • Methyl Bromide • Burning of Dunnage • Treatments for Perishable Commodities • Hot-water Immersion • Forced Hot • Vapor Heat • Irradiation

  14. 2.3.6. Asian Longhorned Beetle in the USA. A Case of Port of Entry Inspection Failure. • Origin – China • Threat – Maple, Willow, Elm, Birch • Introduction to the USA • 1996 – Brooklyn, New York • 5,000 Trees Destroyed • 1998 – Chicago, Illinois • 1,400 Trees Destroyed

  15. Asian Longhorned Beetle.Probably Mode of Entry. R. Westbrooks, Whiteville, NCrgwestbrooks@earthlink.net

  16. National Ports of Entry – First Line of Defense… Lesson Learned: Regulatory Exclusion is about 5% Effective! Airports........ Seaports........ Land Border Crossings..... Beagle Brigade

  17. Session 2. Post-Border Prevention Strategies.Early Detection and Rapid Response.2.4. Official Control of Regulated Pests. • Quarantine Significant Pests • Regulated IAS – Absent from country, or of limited distribution, and under official control. • Official Control – Active enforcement and application of mandatory phytosanitary regulations for: • Containments and eradication of quarantine pests (Asian Longhorned Beetle in the USA) • Management of regulated non-quarantine pests (Giant Salvinia in the USA)

  18. 2.5. Early Detection and Rapid Response. U.S. National EDRR System for Invasive Plants. • Early Detection and Reporting • Volunteers – Gardeners, Back Packers. • Identification and Vouchering • Designated Botanists • Vouchering – A Preserved Specimen. • Rapid Assessment • Weed Scientists • Rapid Response – Eradication • Interagency Task Force – All Impacted and Potential Stakeholders

  19. 2.7. IAS Survey Methods. • Detection Survey • Find it • Delimiting Survey • How Big is the Infestation? • Appraisal Survey • Did the control treatment work? Witchweed (Striga asiatica) Infested Maize in North Carolina Giant Witchweed (Striga hermonthica) in Ethiopia

  20. North Carolina Giant Salvinia Eradication Project. River Bend Swamp. Pender County, North Carolina. 2.10. Principles of IAS Eradication. • Identify Target IAS • Convene Information Meeting of Stakeholders • Establish Interagency Task Force • Develop EDRR Action Plan • Conduct Public Outreach • – More Eyes and Ears • Detection and Delimiting Surveys • Biologically South Control Measures • Population Suppression Measures • Containment Measures – Pathway Management • Equipment and Vehicle Sanitation • Associated Vectors • Reproduction Denial • Persistence • Appraisal Surveys

  21. 2.10.1. Case Study: Witchweed Eradication in the Carolinas. • Origin - Asia • Threat - Parasitizes Grasses, Grass Crops • Introduction to USA • NC – SC - 1956 • WWII Military Equipment • Scope of Problem - Program • 432,000 Acres – 39 Counties • $300 Million – 1958-2006 • Eradication Measures • Detection and Delimiting Surveys • Quarantine of Soil, Plants, Machinery in Infested Area • Herbicide Treatments • Soil Fumigation (Methyl Bromide) • Ethylene Gas – Induces Suicidal Germination of WW Seeds in Soil

  22. 2.10.2. Case Study: Carambola Fruitfly Eradication Program in South America. • Origin:Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand • Threat: 150 Crop Species • Fruit, Vegetables – Peppers, Citrus, Bananas • 1986 – Detected in Suriname, Brazil, French Guyana, Guyana • 1996 – Regional Eradication Program Initiated • Aerial Application of Fiber Blocks Impregnated with Male Attractant and Pesticide • 1998-2002 – Large Scale Eradication Efforts • 2002 – Program Suspended Due to Funding • 2003 – Detection Surveys and Limited Control Efforts • 2006 – Prospects for Continuing Low Due to Funding

  23. Unit II. Lab Exercise 1. • Make a list of the commodities your country requires to be pest free as a condition of entry. • Make a list of the preclearance activities your National Plant Regulatory Agency is involved in with other countries. • Make a list of some of the means of conveyance, cargo, and commodities that enter through your port of entry.

  24. Unit II. Lab Exercise 2. • List the overall goals of an EDRR System for IAS. • Which agencies would be involved in your country? • List the different types of IAS survey and give examples of where they would be used • List the information that should be gathered during an IAS survey • Identify a plant, an animal, an insect, and a disease that has been eradicated in your country. • Identify a plant, an animal, an insect, and a disease that could be eradicated in your country.

  25. Session 3. Post-Border Control Strategies.2.11. – 2.12. Containment and Suppression. • Strategies for Containment • Strategies to Ensure Population Does Not Spread • Mowing or Treatments to Prevent Reproduction • Vehicle, Equipment Sanitation, etc. • Population Suppression • Eradication is Impractical • Protection of Managed or Natural Resources • Ongoing Control Efforts • ($300+ Billion Worldwide)

  26. Rotary hoe used to remove weeds from crops. Hoeing Cotton – Georgia – USA - 1941 2.13. IAS Control Methods. • Mechanical Control • Hand Removal, Mowing, Cultivation, • Cultural Control • Weed Free Seed • Crop Rotation • Planting Schedule • Crop Canopy to Shade Out Weeds • Proper Crop Cultural Practices to Keep Crop Healthy • Insect Control, Fertilization, Irrigation, etc.

  27. 2.13. IAS Control Methods. • Chemical Control • Worldwide Pesticide Sales • 2001: $32 Billion • General Pesticides (Glyphosate) • No Special License • Restricted Pesticide (Fipronil for Termites) • Expensive • Pesticide License Usually Required • Classical Biological Control • Excellent Method – Does Not Always Work • Salvinia Weevil (Cyrtobagus salviniae) to Control Giant Salvinia • New International Standards under IPPC

  28. Session 4. Agency IAS Management Programs and New Approaches for Management Through Interagency Partnering. • Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, AUS • Working for Water Programme, South Africa

  29. 2.13.1. Kakadu National Park, AUS. • Location: Wet-Dry Tropics, N. Territory, AUS • Area: 19,804 km2. • Landforms, Habitats • Sandstone Plateau, Savanna Woodlands, Open Forest, Rivers, Billabongs, Floodplains, Mangroves, Mudflats • Major IAS • Catclaw Mimosa - 1978 • Island in a ‘Sea of Mimosa’ • Four Fulltime Workers - EDRR • Giant Salvinia and Water Hyacinth – 1983 • WH Eradicated • GS Still Spreading

  30. 2.13.1. Working for Water Programme. ZA. • A Century of Introduced Plants • 8,000 Herbs and Shrubs • 750 Trees • IAS in ZA • 110 Invasive Trees • AUS Wattle • Monterey Pine • Threat to Fynbos • Ericas, Proteas • Cover 10 Million ha (10% of Country) • Use 3.3. Billion Cubic Meters Water (7% Totally Supply) • Working for Water Programme – Guy Preston • Dept. Water Affairs and Forestry • 300 Labor Intensive Projects in all 9 Provinces • Eradicate Thirsty Trees, Recover Water Resources • 1 Million ha Cleared • 20,000 People Employed Trained • Associated Industries

  31. Portable Equipment Washer 2.14. Interagency Partnerships.Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee. • 1970s – Weed Control in Wyoming • State/Private Lands (34 Million Acres) - $10 Million • Federal Lands (33 Million Acres) - $1 Million • Reinvasion of State/Private Lands from Federal • Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee (Formed 1964) • 1980 - Greater Yellowstone Invasive Species Working Group (Cooperative Weed Management Area) • Interagency Committee in Defined Area • Share Equipment, Resources, Expertise

  32. 2.15. Weed Eradication Projects.Goatsrue in Utah – Single Agency Led. • 1891 – Introduced by UT State as Forage, Poisonous to Cattle • 1980 – Spread to 16,000 ha; • Federal Eradication Project Initiated by UT State University; • Infestation Reduced • 1996 – Federal Funding Terminated; • Project Terminated • 2007 – Effort to Establish Goatsrue Eradication Task Force

  33. 2.15. Weed Eradication Projects.Carolinas Beach Vitex Task Force. • 1985 – BV Introduced to USA • Ornamental, Dune Erosion Control • 1995 – BV Spreading from Beach Planting; Dune Erosion • 2002 – Sea Turtle Volunteers Notice BV – Threat to ST Nesting • 2003 – Carolinas Beach Vitex Task Force • Cooperators - 40 Agencies and Organizations • Short Term Goals • Remove Seedlings from Public Beaches • Document Mature Populations • Control Demonstrations on 75 Sites • Long Term Goals • Land Owner Cost Share Eradication Program

  34. Major Concepts in Unit 2. • First Line of Defense Against IAS • Pre-Border Prevention Strategies • Production of Pest Free Commodities; Preclearance • Border Prevention Strategies • Inspection and Treatment of Imported Cargo • Second Line of Defense Against IAS • Early Detection and Rapid Response • Field Surveys – Detection, Delimiting, Appraisal • Eradication – Total Elimination of IAS from Defined Area • Third Line of Defense Against IAS • Control – Containment, Suppression • Mechanical, Cultural, Chemical, Biological • Interagency Partnering is Effective in Management of Most IAS • ZA Working for Water Programme – A Model Public Works Programme for Controlling IAS and Training People Partnerships Now.... Weeds Won't Wait!

  35. Unit 2. Exercise 3. Suppression and Control. • List one or more IAS that are being controlled in your country by each of the following control methods: • Mechanical or Cultural Means • Chemical Means • Biological Control Agents. • How successful are the efforts you listed?

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