Museum Entrance

1. Welcome to the Museum of [Name of Museum] Museum Entrance 1971-1974 1975-1978 1967-1970 1979 Curator’s Offices Artifact 23 Room Five Artifact 22

2. Curator’s Office Spencer Heilig I’m 16 and in band. I enjoy school sometimes and I think comics are cool. Contact me at [Your linked email address] Return to Entry Note: Virtual museums were first introduced by educators at Keith Valley Middle School in Horsham, Pennsylvania. This template was designed by Dr. Christy Keeler. View the Educational Virtual Museums website for more information on this instructional technique.

3. 1967-1970 Room 1 aa Return to Entry

4. 1971-1974 Room 2 Return to Entry

5. 1975-1978 Room 3 Return to Entry

6. 1975-1979 Room 4 Return to Entry

7. [Room 5] Room Room 5 Artifact 18 Artifact 17 Artifact 20 Artifact 19 Artifact 21 Return to Entry

8. Warsaw Pact and Soviets in Czech The Warsaw Pact, or Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO), was a military alliance of seven Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union designed as a counterweight to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance with the goal of the collective defense of Eastern Europe. Members of the Warsaw Pact alliance included the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, that is, all communist countries of Eastern Europe with the exception of Yugoslavia.  In the eleven articles of the treaty, the contracting parties agreed to seek peaceful solutions to international disputes and to cooperate with other states in all international actions (Articles 1 and 2); to consult with one another on all international issues affecting their common interests and defend each other if one or more of the member states were attacked (Articles 3 and 4); to establish a joint command and a political consultative committee or PCC (Articles 5 and 6). Moreover, member-states pledged to refrain from joining alliances and agreements whose objectives were in conflict with the Warsaw Pact and to allow for the accession of other states regardless of their social and political systems. However the Soviet Union wanted to strengthen its force with the use of other Communist Countries. On the night of 20–21 August 1968, Warsaw Pact forces invaded Czechoslovakia to crush a reform movement, known as the Prague Spring, within the Czech Communist. This was because the Soviet Union wanted to keep Czech a communist Country so it could be another ally Warsaw Pact." Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons 2006. 2716-2718.World History in Context. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

9. Apollo 11 Soviet achievements in space overshadowed American ones from 1957 through April 1961, when Major Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968) of the Red Air Force became the first human to orbit Earth. America's seemingly permanent second-place status in space stung the pride and undermined the Cold War foreign policies of the newly inaugurated president, John F. Kennedy. He proposed, in a May 1961 address to Congress, that the United States take a bold step: committing itself to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth by the end of the decade. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong (1930-2012) and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin (1930-) landed an ungainly spacecraft named Eagle on the moon and spent two hours exploring the lunar surface. They left the next day, rendezvousing in lunar orbit with the command ship Columbia and returning safely to Earth. The Apollo11 landing ended a decade of competition between the Soviet and American space programs, helped to restore the nation's self-confidence, and began an intensive program of exploration that transformed scientists' understanding of the Moon . "The 1969 Moon Landing: First Humans to Walk on Another World." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale, 2001 . World History in Context. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. "Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin on the Moon, 1969." Gale World History in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2010. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

10. Allende becomes President The 1970 Chilean presidential election sparked a political crisis that ended three years later with a military coup and the establishment of a ruthless dictatorship which lasted until 1989. In the election, Marxist Salvador Allende Gossens, leader of the Socialist-Communist Popular Unity (UP) coalition, won a large segment, but not a majority, of the popular vote. Previously, he had lost the 1958 and 1964 elections, both of which were closely contested and, in that way, similar to the 1970 elections. According to the Chilean constitution, if no single candidate secured a majority, Congress would decide the victor. In this tradition, Allende was confirmed the new Chilean president-elect. Upon assuming office, Allende found himself head of a divided nation. "Allende Is Overthrown in a Chilean Military Coup, September 11, 1973." Historic World Events. Detroit: Gale, 2012. World History in Context. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. "Salvador Allende, Chilean President." Gale World History in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2010. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

11. Korea Captures the Pueblo The Pueblo incident involved the 1968 seizure and hijacking of the USS Pueblo by North Korean military forces. The Pueblo, a naval intelligence ship, was conducting offshore surveillance of North Korean radar and radio installations when it was overtaken by the North Korean fleet. Following seizure of the ship, diplomatic tensions between the United States and North Korea heightened. North Korean officials claimed that the vessel, and the United States government, had been warned about conducting espionage activities in the region. In contrast, United States officials claimed that the Pueblo was seized in international waters, without provocation. The crew of the Pueblo was detained in North Korea for nearly a year before their release was negotiated. LERNER, ADRIENNE WILMOTH. "Pueblo Incident." Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 456-459. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014 "The USS Pueblo, shown underway at sea, was captured in 1968 by North Korean patrol boats with 83 men..." Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2004. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. . Return to Exhibit

12. Chilean Crisis The 1970 Chilean presidential election sparked a political crisis that ended three years later with a military coup and the establishment of a ruthless dictatorship which lasted until 1989. In the election, Marxist Salvador Allende Gossens, leader of the Socialist-Communist Popular Unity (UP) coalition, won a large segment, but not a majority, of the popular vote. Previously, he had lost the 1958 and 1964 elections, both of which were closely contested and, in that way, similar to the 1970 elections. According to the Chilean constitution, if no single candidate secured a majority, Congress would decide the victor. In this tradition, Allende was confirmed the new Chilean president-elect. However, Allende was a weak president who attempted to employ political, rather than aggressive, means to establish socialism. This caused peasants to settle on farmlands without waiting for legal title. Workers seized control of textile factories owned largely by Middle Eastern immigrants. To the north, miners rejoiced over the nationalization of copper mines. This caused a decrease in the Chilean economy which empowered an anti-communist military (funded by the C.I.A.) to revolt against the weak leadership. This weakened the reach on the Soviets Communist empire. "Allende Is Overthrown in a Chilean Military Coup, September 11, 1973." Historic World Events . Detroit: Gale, 2012. World History in Context. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. "Tanks in Santiago during the Chilean coup. In 1973 Chilean military forces overthrew the democratic..." New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

13. SALT 1 On 26 May 1972 President Richard M. Nixon signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty and the Interim Offensive Forces Agreement. The signing of these agreements marked the culmination of the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) that had begun three years earlier. Without a treaty both nations would be forced to adopt costly countermeasures--such as deploying missile defenses or increasing intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) deployments--to render ineffective the ballistic-missile defenses of the other side. The Soviets initially resisted American proposals to negotiate limits on the deployment of offensive and defensive strategic systems. Their hesitancy stemmed largely from the inferiority of their strategic nuclear arsenal. Only after the completion of the July 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), designed to halt the spread of nuclear weapons, did the Soviet Union officially announce its intention to begin negotiations on strategic systems. Finally, the development of satellite reconnaissance offered both superpowers an acceptable method of verifying arms-control agreements "Strategic Arms Limitation Talks." The Cold War--1945-1991. Gale, 1992. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014 "U.S.-Soviet Nuclear Arms Treaty Signed, 1972." Gale World History in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2010. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. . Return to Exhibit

14. Arab Israeli War The 1973 Arab-Israeli war was the fourth to break out between Arabs and Israelis since the establishment of Israel in 1948. After the 1967 Six-Day War, intermittent fighting had continued between the Arab states and Israel. Finally, frustrated with Israel's refusal to negotiate the return of the occupied territories, the Arab states, led by Egypt, launched a surprise attack on Israel on 6 October 1973, the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, believing that the alertness of the Israeli forces would be reduced. The Egyptian army of President Anwar Sadat attacked from across the Suez Canal and broke into the Sinai, while Syrian forces moved into Israel from the Golan Heights in the north. Joined by Jordanian, Iraqi, and Libyan military units, the Egyptian and Syrian armies made substantial gains and inflicted heavier losses on Israel than in any previous Arab-Israeli war. The Israeli forces had driven back the Syrian forces and surrounded the Egyptian forces by crossing the Suez and installing troops on the west bank of the canal. Soviet support of the Arab states and U.S. support of Israel almost led to a nuclear confrontation between the two superpowers. The Egyptians had positioned five hundred tanks and missiles across the Canal and had destroyed one hundred Israeli tanks. The tables soon turned, however.  Israeli jets struck into Syria, bombing Damascus and Homs, and heavy civilian casualties were reported. In its highly successful counterattack, Israel drove the Syrians to within twenty miles of Damascus, far beyond the 1967 cease-fire lines, and Israeli artillery shelled the suburbs of Damascus. "The Israeli army firing artillery shells on the Syrian border during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War...." Middle East Conflict. Sonia G. Benson. 2nd ed. Vol. 1: Almanac. Detroit: U*X*L, 2012. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. "Arab-Israeli War, 1973." The Cold War--1945-1991. Gale, 1992. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

15. Pentagon Papers are Public As the Vietnam War dragged on and the U.S. military presence inSouth Vietnam increased to more than 500,000 troops by 1968, the military analyst Daniel Ellsberg (who had worked on the study) came to oppose the war, and decided that the information contained in the Pentagon Papers should be more widely available to the American public. He secretly photocopied the report and in March 1971 gave the copy to The New York Times, which subsequently published a series of articles based on the report’s findings. Amid the national and international uproar that followed, the federal government tried unsuccessfully to block publication of the Pentagon Papers on grounds of national security. Published at a time when support for U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War was steadily eroding, the Pentagon Papers confirmed many people’s suspicions about the active role the U.S. government had taken in building up the conflict. Though the study did not cover the policies of President Richard M. Nixon’s administration, the revelations included within it were embarrassing, particularly as Nixon was up for reelection in 1972. "Pentagon Papers." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

16. Operation Babylift The April 1975 operation bringing Vietnamese orphans to the United States, where they were adopted by Americans. Over ten days just prior to the fall of South Vietnam, U.S. aircraft transported some twenty-five hundred Vietnamese children to adoptive families. The flights were largely uneventful aside from the very first, on April 4, which crashed soon after taking off from Saigon. Most of the 138 people killed in the crash were children. Operation Baby Lift was the source of much controversy. Many of the children taken to the United States, some claimed, were not orphans at all. Instead, their Vietnamese parents had simply given them up to get them out of the war-torn country. Other critics, perhaps echoing the fears of Vietnamese parents, wondered whether the operation indicated that both the South Vietnamese and Americans suspected that a bloody reign of terror would follow the fall of South Vietnam. Still others suspected political manipulation, accusing President Gerald Ford, who announced the plan on April 3, of using the children to try to create sympathy for the South Vietnamese regime in hopes of getting Congress to send military aid. "Baby Lift." The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of The Vietnam War. Jeff T. Hay. Ed. Charles Zappia. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. 34. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Harrington, Joyce. "ADOPT VIETNAM." Operation Babylift Airlift Photographs 2. AdoptVietnam.org, n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

17. Soviets invade Afghanistan The Soviet goal in Afghanistan was to keep Afghanistan neutral in the face of relations with the United States and the People's Republic of China. It also wanted to maintain a healthy trade relationship with Kabul. Therefore, the Soviets would intervene whenever there was friction between Afghanistan and neighboring Pakistan. They were able to accomplish this by bribing middle eastern countries into allowing some Soviet power. After each state visit to Moscow, the Afghans would receive special aid packages that included construction kits for flour mills and asphalt factories, as well as motor repair kits. In addition, trained Soviet laborers brought equipment for road construction such as the Kushka-Qandahar Highway across Afghanistan and the Salang Highway which crossed through the Hindu Kush. Other examples of Soviet aid included the development of an irrigation system, a gas pipeline, hydroelectric plants, and a number of airports.While people initially hailed the changes, they ultimately came to realize the full consequence of collectivization. Several voices of opposition were heard, even among the lower class, which was forced to sell their property to pay basic expenses. The Soviet Union and Afghanistan enjoyed cordial relations from the nineteenth century until the 1979 invasion.. The village of Istalif, north of Kabul, was bombed repeatedly in the seven days beginning October 12, 1983; one thousand were killed or wounded. At the same time, relations between Moscow and the West were becoming strained Moscow had hopes of playing a crucial part in regulating Eastern Europe's contacts with the West but the invasion of Afghanistan now dashed any such hopes as Moscow faced increasing condemnation from Western nations. "Soviet Tanks in Afghanistan's Mountains." Gale World History in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2010. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. "Afghanistan Invaded by Soviets, December 24, 1979 to December 27, 1979."Historic World Events. Detroit: Gale, 2012. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

18. Jimmy Carter Governor of Georgia, 1970-1976; U.S. president, 1977-1981. As governor, James Earl Carter backed President Nixon's Vietnam policy and urged his fellow governors not to oppose the war and undermine public support. He criticized the press for its handling of the My Lai massacre story. As a Democratic presidential candidate in 1976, however, Carter denounced theVietnam War as "immoral" and "racist." Upon assuming the presidency in 1977 he issued a blanket pardon for draft resisters, an action he believed necessary to begin a national reconciliation process. He considered a pardon as "forgiveness" as opposed to amnesty, which would have implied government recognition of draft resistance as morally correct. Carter explored the possibility of normalization of relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, but Vietnamese demandsh for war reparations, unacceptable to the United States, foreclosed such a policy change. "Camp David Peace Accords Signed." Gale World History in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2010. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014 "Jimmy Carter." Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1996. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

19. The Fall of Saigon Saigon became the capital of South Vietnam when the country was divided in 1954. Saigon's official population of 1.5 million nearly doubled during the next decade as war refugees streamed into squalid shantytowns. The sudden and gigantic influx of U.S. troops and dollars rapidly transformed the Asian capital into a carnival of Western decadence. Saigon swarmed with thieves, beggars, prostitutes, drug dealers, and black market peddlers. "Saigon has become an American brothel," Sen. J. William Fulbright complained in 1967.  Saigon became a symbol of how the United States ruined a nation that it meant to save.  "Saigon." Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1996. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. "Corporate Billboards Show Economic Changes in Vietnam, 1995." Gale World History in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2010. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

20. Angolan War During the Angolan War, the South African military fought a defensive war against strategic USSR and USSR-proxy foreign forces, which had as their target South Africa. These strategic forces included USSR Russian forces (300 000 conscript soldiers), Cuban forces (500 000 conscript soldiers, paid for by the USSR), Warsaw Pact soldiers and Fapla - the conventional army of the USSR-aligned MPLA (the unelected Angolan government during the Cold War). The USSR's targeting of South Africa was not due to the discriminatory policy of apartheid. Its strategic Cold War aim was the seizure of South Africa as the source of strategic minerals and metals. These strategic minerals and metals were critical for Nato during the Cold War, and other than in South Africa, the majority of them were located in the USSR. It is an indisputable fact that the US, Western European Nato countries, Western-aligned African countries and the Western-aligned Unita were not supporting South Africa to uphold, promote or defend the policy of apartheid. This was rather a strategic Cold War conflict. "It was never a war between us Angolan war in numbers; It's 25 years since the Angolan war ended. It's time to reassess what it meant, writes Stuart Sterzel." Star[South Africa] 7 Feb. 2013: 13. World History in Context. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. "Africa Angola's 'war for Peace's Sake'" BBC News. BBC, 31 Jan. 1999. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

21. The Ogaden War On July 13, 1977, the Somali National Army (SNA) invaded the Ogaden region and made significant incursions into Ethiopia, thus beginning the Ogaden War. Finding itself supporting both sides of the war, the Soviet Union attempted a cease-fire; when this failed, the Soviet Union stopped aid to Somalia. By August the SNA was advancing on the strategically important city of Dire Dawa. But the Ethiopian army resisted the assault, and the SNA was unable to take the city. One month later, in mid-September, the SNA did succeed in capturing Jijiga, forcing the Ethiopians to withdraw from the city. In October the SNA tried to take the city of Harar but were beaten back by Ethiopian troops who had regrouped and been strengthened by Soviet-supplied arms. From that point on the SNA proved to be no match for the Soviet-backed Ethiopian Army. The last SNA unit left on March 15, marking the end of the war. Abandoned by the Soviet Union, Somalia allied itself with the United States, allowing the United States use of its military bases. "Anti-Soviet Protest in Somalia." Gale World History in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2012.World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. "Ethiopia and Somalia Fight the Ogaden War: 1977–1978." Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. Ed. Jennifer Stock. Vol. 1: Africa. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2013. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

22. Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) secretly encouraged and financed Afghan communists from before the formation of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) in 1965 until the party unexpectedly came to power through a military coup d'état on 27 April 1978. When popular opposition to the regime's economic and social changes provoked armed resistance, Moscow supplied weapons and military advisers who took unofficial command of the Afghan armed forces. In mid-1979, the Soviets sought the removal of Afghanistan’s deputy, Hafizullah Amin. They blamed Amin for antagonizing the Afghan people into rebellion. Brezhnev(Soviet Leader) decided on 12 December 1979 to send the Soviet army into Afghanistan. The Soviet army seized control of Kabul on 27 December, killing Amin. Moscow claimed its army had been officially invited into Afghanistan. The mojahedin(Muslim forces) armed by the United States and its allies, and trained and directed by Pakistan's military intelligence service, ambushed roads and harassed garrisons.. Non-aligned nations voted in the United Nations against the Soviet troop presence in Afghanistan, and Western countries restricted ties with the USSR. The USSR and the United States had agreed in 1988 to terminate their support of their respective clients in the ongoing civil war on or before 31 December 1991. As it happened, the USSR was formally disbanded a few days before that. Deprived of aid, Najibullah's(Communst leader) regime lost support and collapsed. The mojahedin who had fought the Soviet Union took control of Kabul on 28 April 1992. Bradsher, Henry S. "Afghanistan: Soviet Intervention in." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Ed. Philip Mattar. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 65-66. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

23. Iran Hostage Crisis Iran was being run by American like politics. In response, a group of Iranian revolutionist abducted a large amount of U.S. citizens. Fifty-two American hostages were ultimately held for 444 days, and their captors treated them abysmally. After close to three weeks, they were bound and blindfolded, then taken to a number of temporary prisons, where they were interrogated constantly and beaten and humiliated. Three months after their captivity began, the hostages were incarcerated in small cells and were not allowed to communicate. Violators were punished by being locked in dark, cold cubicles for up to three days. During the last part of their captivity, they were subjected to a mock firing squad. When at last they were released--on January 20, 1981, minutes after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as the new U.S. president--it was clear from their haggard appearance how much they had suffered. The American hostages in Iran drew the attention of much of the world, and most countries condemned the hostage taking. The Iranian success in exploiting the hostage situation to render the United States powerless, and President Carter's impotence in the face of the crisis, served as an inspiration to other terrorists, particularly those in the Middle East. "Iranian Revolutionaries Hold Americans Hostage, November 4, 1979-January 20, 1981." Historic World Events. Detroit: Gale, 2014. World History in Context. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. "Iran radicals move one of the hostages during the 444-day Iran hostage crisis. The standoff ended on..." UXL Encyclopedia of U.S. History. Sonia Benson, Daniel E. Brannen, Jr., and Rebecca Valentine. Vol. 4. Detroit: UXL, 2009. World History in Context. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit

24. Artifact 17 Text goes here. Linked citation goes here Return to Exhibit

25. Artifact 18 Text goes here. Linked citation goes here Return to Exhibit

26. Artifact 19 Text goes here. Linked citation goes here Return to Exhibit

27. Artifact 20 Text goes here. Linked citation goes here Return to Exhibit

28. Artifact 21 Text goes here. Linked citation goes here Return to Exhibit

29. Artifact 22 Text goes here. Linked citation goes here Return to Entrance

30. Artifact 23 Text goes here. Linked citation goes here Return to Entrance

31. Propaganda The extraordinary level of government and commercial propaganda during the war continued during the period of economic and political hostility between communist and capitalist countries known as the Cold War (1945–1989). Propagandists on all sides utilized their own interpretations of the truth in order to sell an ideological point of view to their citizens and to the world at large. U.S. president Harry S. Truman described (1950) the conflict as a "struggle above all else, for the minds of men." The Soviet leadership under Joseph Stalin (1879–1953), untroubled by the negative connotations of propaganda, viewed the role of the media as mobilizing and legitimizing support for expansionist policies. Phoenix, Red. "Guide For Moral Perspective in A Capitalist Society." The Red Phoenix. N.p., 10 June 2010. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Return to Exhibit