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Waterworld

Waterworld. The Earth, from 6 billion kilometers, taken by the Voyager 1 space probe on Feb 14, 1990, as it left our solar system. Body Diameter Distance SUN 12 inches Mercury 0.04 in 41 feet Venus 0.10 in 77 feet Earth 0.11 in 107 feet Mars 0.06 in 163 feet

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Waterworld

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  1. Waterworld

  2. The Earth, from 6 billion kilometers, taken by the Voyager 1 space probe on Feb 14, 1990, as it left our solar system.

  3. Body Diameter Distance SUN 12 inches Mercury 0.04 in 41 feet Venus 0.10 in 77 feet Earth 0.11 in 107 feet Mars 0.06 in 163 feet Asteriod belt………………………………………. Jupiter 1.23 in 559 feet Saturn 1.00 in 1025 feet Uranus 0.40 in 2062 feet Neptune 0.39 in 3232 feet Pluto 0.02 in 4248 feet Solar System (and Earth) form ~4.5 bya

  4. I. The Earth and its Neighbors A. Size and Temps -153 to 20oC 462oC -88 to 58oC

  5. Lecture I: Water World • II. The Earth and Its Neighbors • A. Size and Temps • B. Atmospheric Composition

  6. I. The Earth and Its Neighbors III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water About 4.4 bya, the period of heavy asteroid bombardment ended, and water could collect at the surface without being vaporized by meteorite impacts.

  7. A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure ATOMS: - nucleus: protons: charge = +1, mass = 1 neutrons: charge = 0, mass = 1 - shells/orbitals: electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0

  8. ALL KNOWN MATTER IS MADE OF THESE INGREDIENTS: GALAXIES PLANETS OCEANS MOUNTAINS AIR PUPPIES VIRUSES YOUR FRIENDS YOU AND ME

  9. A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure An element’s “ATOMIC NUMBER” = # Of PROTONS ATOMS: - nucleus: protons: charge = +1, mass = 1 neutrons: charge = 0, mass = 1 - shells/orbitals: electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0 ELEMENTS: differ in # of protons

  10. A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure ATOMS: - nucleus: protons: charge = +1, mass = 1 neutrons: charge = 0, mass = ~1 - shells/orbitals: electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0 ELEMENTS: differ in # of protons ISOTOPES: differ in number of neutrons (and mass)

  11. A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure ATOMS: - nucleus: protons: charge = +1, mass = 1 neutrons: charge = 0, mass = 1 - shells/orbitals: electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0 ELEMENTS: differ in # of protons ISOTOPES: differ in number of neutrons (and mass) IONS: differ in number of electrons (and charge) 11 P 11 N 11 e- 11 P 11 N 10 e- Charge = 0 Charge = +1

  12. A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure BONDS: Interactions between atoms, forming molecules: H2, O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc… CEMENT DNA

  13. Oxygen (Gas) = O2 A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure BONDS: Interactions between atoms, forming molecules: O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc… - Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell 2, 8, 8 (‘octet rule’) shared equally = non-polar 2e 8 protons 8 protons 2e H2

  14. BONDS: Interactions between atoms, forming molecules: O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc… - Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell 2, 8, 8 (‘octet rule’) shared equally = non-polar shared unequally = polar (partial charges) WATER = H2O The eight oxygen protons exert a stronger attractive force on the shared electrons than the single proton in each hydrogen atom – ‘pulling’ the cloud of electronegativity off the hydrogen protons, revealing ‘a part’ of their positive charge, and giving the oxygen atom a partial negative charge. Water is a ‘polar’ molecule… with charged ‘poles’.

  15. BONDS: Interactions between atoms, forming molecules: O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc… - Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell - Ionic Bond: attraction between ions A salt crystal: IONIC BONDS between sodium and chloride ions

  16. BONDS: Interactions between atoms, forming molecules: O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc… - Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell - Ionic Bond: attraction between ions - Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attraction of partial charges

  17. HYDROGEN BONDS IN THE THREE STATES OF WATER

  18. A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” - ions and polar compounds dissolve in water

  19. A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” - ions and polar compounds dissolve in water Charged regions of a glucose molecule

  20. A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” 3. Water dissociates into IONS Hydronium: Oxygen: 8 protons, 2e first shell, 8 second 3 H: 3 protons Total: 11 protons, 10 electrons = +1 charge (will readily give up H+ ion Hydronium can give up an H+, so same net effect as above…

  21. A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” 3. Water dissociates In pure water, 1 in 10,000,000 (1 x 10-7) molecules will be dissociated at any one time The “power” (in terms of exponent) of Hydrogen… you can think of it as percent or proportion of H+. pH scale is negative exponent… so water = 7.0

  22. A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” 3. Water dissociates 17+ 1+ HCl (Hydrochloric acid) dissociates much more readily in solution. 1 in 100 molecules are dissociated = 1 x 10-2 pH = 2.0

  23. CATION DISPLACEMENT H+ K+ K-Al-Si3O8 H-Al-Si3O8 Na-Al-Si3O8 Ca-Al-Si2O8 In presence of water, H+ replaces K+, Na+, and CA+2 These ions – “salts” – go into solution and are carried to the sea… A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” 3. Water dissociates 4. Weathers rock, putting ions into solution 60% of Earth’s Crust: Feldspar Minerals

  24. A. The Effects of Liquid Water 1. Water’s molecular structure 2. Water is called the “universal solvent” 3. Water dissociates 4. Weathers rock, putting ions in solution 5. Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid

  25. Abiogenic Limestone Formation Bicarbonate ion Carbonic acid Carbonate ion From ‘weathering’ of feldspars Calcium Carbonate (limestone)

  26. Abiogenic Limestone Formation Bicarbonate ion Carbonic acid Carbonate ion Calcium Carbonate (limestone)

  27. A. The Effects of Liquid Water B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction Limestone CaCO3

  28. Where did all the Carbon Dioxide go? 1) Lithosphere Limestone and Dolomite

  29. II. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction C. ???

  30. Coccolithophore (single celled marine algae) II. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction C. The Effects of LIFE 1. Biogenic Limestone Formation “Coquina”

  31. Lecture I: Living World III. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction C. The Effects of LIFE 1. Biogenic Limestone Formation SHELLS Settled out

  32. 400 m 4 um (4/1000’s of a mm; 250,000 per meter) 100,000,000 deep, but they are crushed, so it’s actually more…

  33. 400 m 4 um (4/1000’s of a mm; 250,000 per meter) 100,000,000 deep, but they are crushed, so it’s actually more… Little things, big effects…

  34. Where did all the Carbon Dioxide go? • Lithosphere • Biosphere to lithosphere Limestone and Dolomite

  35. II. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction C. The Effects of LIFE 1. Biogenic Limestone Formation 2. Photosynthesis Photosynthetic bacteria

  36. Overview: A. Step Two: storing that chemical energy in the bonds of molecules e- C6 (glucose) ATP ADP+P 6CO2 (from air) e- Light Dependent Reaction Light Independent Reaction Where do the electrons come from? Most Photosynthetic organisms split WATER: 2 (H-O-H) 2O + 4H+ + 4e- O2 (released to air)

  37. II. Why The Differences? A. The Effects of Liquid Water B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction C. The Effects of LIFE 1. Biogenic Limestone Formation 2. Photosynthesis Little things (photosynthetic bacteria), big effects…

  38. 3. The Biosphere and the Carbon Cycle Where did all the CO2 go? The atmosphere is no longer a major “reservoir” for carbon on our planet.

  39. 3. The Biosphere and the Carbon Cycle Where did all the CO2 go? The atmosphere is no longer a major “reservoir” for carbon on our planet. Most has been transferred to the lithosphere by limestone formation

  40. 3. The Biosphere and the Carbon Cycle Where did all the CO2 go? The atmosphere is no longer a major “reservoir” for carbon on our planet. Most has been transferred to the lithosphere by limestone formation Or trapped as fossil fuels

  41. 3. The Biosphere and the Carbon Cycle Where did all the CO2 go? The atmosphere is no longer a major “reservoir” for carbon on our planet. Most has been transferred to the lithosphere by limestone formation Or trapped as fossil fuels And there is nearly as much carbon In living terrestrial biomass as in the atmosphere

  42. 3. The Biosphere and the Carbon Cycle Where did all the CO2 go? The atmosphere is no longer a major “reservoir” for carbon on our planet. Most has been transferred to the lithosphere by limestone formation Or trapped as fossil fuels And there is nearly as much carbon In living terrestrial biomass as in the atmosphere More in the entire biosphere, including decomposing material in soils and marine life

  43. How do we know that oxygen wasn’t always present in the Earth’s atmosphere? Maybe Earth is just different from Venus and Mars… Banded iron formations are first seen 2.5 billion years ago, showing that oxygen must have been present in the ocean to precipitate iron out of solution as iron oxides in sedimentary strata. There absence in older strata means that oxygen was not present in appreciable amounts.

  44. And Today? The Earth is a living planet… It breathes.

  45. And today? The Earth is a living planet… it breathes. CO2 – increased from 320 to 400 ppm 25% in 50 years O2 – declined by 70 ppm, but it is 21% of the atmosphere (210,000,000 ppm) So the decline of 70 ppm is not dramatic.

  46. So, the ‘Biosphere’ is a critical component of how the Earth functions. And these functions create an environment to which the ‘biosphere’ has adapted and is dependent upon. Humans, like all life forms, are dependent on these ‘ecosystem functions’ that clean the air, clean the water, and produce biomass (food).

  47. So, we must help to sustain the biosphere and its functions. But what is the biosphere? Is it just a unitary ‘thing’? A circle interacting with other subsystems? If we want to sustain it – if we are interested in ecological sustainability – don’t we need to know what IT IS and how IT WORKS? (Reductionism)

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