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Enlightenment “The 17th Century” “The Age of Reason”

Enlightenment “The 17th Century” “The Age of Reason”. The Scientific Revolution 16 th -17 th century. Printing presses introduced in 1480s. Basic assumptions of scientific fields overthrown. Main fields astronomy, anatomy, botany, physics, mathematics.

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Enlightenment “The 17th Century” “The Age of Reason”

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  1. Enlightenment “The 17th Century” “The Age of Reason”

  2. The Scientific Revolution 16th-17th century • Printing presses introduced in 1480s • Basic assumptions of scientific fields overthrown • Main fields astronomy, anatomy, botany, physics, mathematics • Confined to scientific communities, texts in Latin

  3. Medieval Sciences—Older Views • Aristotelian physics: four elements – • earth, air, water and fire • Ptolemaic view of universe - the • Earth was the center of the universe • Medicine: four humours of the body • Genetics: inherited learning • Philosophy: deductive think Essentially, this theory held that the human body was filled with four basic substances, called four humours, or humors, which are in balance when a person is healthy. All diseases and disabilities resulted from an excess or deficit of one of these four humors. The four humors were identified as black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood

  4. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Astronomia Nova “The New Astronomy,” 1609 • Looking at recorded sightings of Mars • All planets moving in elliptical orbits

  5. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • 1609 telescope • 1632 Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World (forced by Church to recant) • Universe subject to mathematical laws • Nature inherently logical

  6. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) • Overhauled principles of physics • Principia Mathematica, 1687 • Three Laws of Motion, Principles of inertia, gravity

  7. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Newton’s Three Laws of Motion I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. II. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. III. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

  8. John Locke (1632-1704) • Father of modern psychology, sociology • Essay Concerning Human Understanding • Two Treatises on Government (1689) — Natural rights • all knowledge is derived by experience • Letter Concerning Toleration (1689)

  9. Enlightenment “The 18th Century”

  10. Philosophy of the Enlightenment • “philosophes,” “Republic of Letters” • Stress on reason, optimism, civic reform • Religious tolerance and political equality • Faith in science and education • Believed in improvement and experimentation • Secular and cosmopolitan

  11. 18th Century Changes • Stable food supply • Industrial Revolution • (approx. 1750s-1850s) • Commercial revolution • Social mobility • New strains on government

  12. Science v. Religion • End to witch trials, ca. 1700 • Criticism of the French Monarchy and the French Church Belief in God based on reason rather than revelation or the teaching of any specific religion. A form of natural religion, Deism originated in England in the early 17th century as a rejection of orthodox Christianity. Deists asserted that reason could find evidence of God in nature and that God had created the world and then left it to operate under the natural laws he had devised. • Deism • Toleration, hatred of • superstition

  13. Voltaire (1694-1778) • Granddaddy of Enlightenment • Defender of religious toleration • Critic of French church and • state • Favored enlightened • monarchies

  14. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) • Spirit of the Laws, 1748 • Inspired American Constitution • Balance of Powers theory • Admired British system, critic of French

  15. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) • Social Contract, 1762 • Theory of the “General Will” • Civilization corrupting influence • Inspiration to French Revolution in a democratic society the state represents the general will of the citizens, and that in obeying its laws each citizen is pursuing his own real interest

  16. Diderot and D’Albert’s Encyclopedie • Literary compilation of Enlightenment thought • Published 1751-1772 • 28 volumes with over 70,000 articles

  17. “Enlightened Despots” • Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790) • Frederick II of Prussia (1740-1786) • Catherine II of Russia (1762-1796) • Reduced power of clergy, aristocrats • Centralization, legal reform, education

  18. Consequences of the Enlightenment • Urban Reforms • Educational reforms • Abolition Movement • Challenges to the Church • Spur to Revolution: American, French, Haitian

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