Speech Production

Speech Production • Respiration • Conditions that Affect Respiration • Phonation • Articulation and Resonance • English Speech Sounds • Clinical Application Speech Production

Respiration • Overview of Respiration and Anatomy • Inspiration for Quiet • Inspiration for Speech • Expiration • Interaction of Inspiration and Expiration • Expiration for Sustained Voicing • Expiration for Speech Speech Production

Overview • Need to Review Speech Anatomy • Especially lungs, trachea, musculature, etc. • Boyle’s Law Speech Production

Overview • Boyle’s Law continued Speech Production

Anatomy - Bronchial Tree • Trachea • 16 to 20 rings of smooth cartilage and muscle. • Epithelium and cilia • Function of cilia Speech Production

Anatomy - Bronchial Tree • Bronchi • Primary • Secondary, etc. • Anatomy and function similar to trachea. Speech Production

Anatomy - Bronchial Tree • Bronchioles • Similar to bronchi except no cartilage • Terminate with respiratory bronchioles. • Alveolar ducts Speech Production

Anatomy - Bronchial Tree • Alveolar sacs. Aka alveoli • 300 to 750 million in adult • Important for CO2 - O2 Exchange. Speech Production

Anatomy - Lungs and Thoracic Cavity • Right lung is larger than left. Why? • Thoracic Cavity • Sternum • Vertebrae • Ribs • Diaphragm Speech Production

Speech Production

Anatomy - Muscles • Diaphragm is inferior to the thorax and forms floor of thoracic cavity. Also, forms ceiling of abdomen • Functionally is forced downward by contraction and when relaxed the lungs will rise. Speech Production

Anatomy - Muscles • External Intercostals - important for inspiration • 11 pairs • When contracted they pull rib cage upward and outward • Internal Intercostals - important for expiration • 11 pairs • When contracted, they pull rib cage downward. • Fibers of two muscle groups are 90 degrees from each other, adding support and protection. • Accessory Muscles of Respiration - see p. 75 of text Speech Production

Anatomy - Pleural Linkage • Rib cage lined with pleuralining. • Two types of pleura lining: • Rib cage lined with costal or parietal pleura • Lungs lined with pulmonary or visceral pleura. Speech Production

Anatomy - Pleural Linkage • Two Functions of pleura lining • Minimizes friction between lungs and rib cage • Linings adhere to each other due to surface tension • Questions • What’s pleurisy? • What’s pneumothorax? • What’s pulmonaria? Speech Production

Anatomy - Pleural Linkage Speech Production

Inspiration for Quiet • Refers to the involuntary intake of air into the lungs during quiet breathing. • Occurs because of shortage or O2 and buildup of CO2 in brainstem. • In adults, about 12 to 20 cycles per minute. Higher in infants. • About 40% of breathing cycle is inspiration, and 60% is expiration. Speech Production

Inspiration for Speech • Inspiration for speech differs from inspiration for quiet because … • Lung volume • Degree of automaticity • Speech inspiration requires less of respiratory cycle; 10:90 vs. 40:60. Speech Production

Expiration • Refers to exhaling air which is forced out by … • Elastic recoil of rib cage • torque • gravity Speech Production

Interaction of Inspiration and Expiration • Tidal Volume • Vital Capacity • Residual Volume • Total Lung Capacity • Resting Volume • Inspiratory Reserve • Expiratory Reserve Speech Production

Expiration for Sustained Voicing • When vital capacity exceeds resting volume (i.e., 40% vital capacity) and when you produce a sustained phoneme, the speaker engages inspiratory muscles to slow the rate of expiration. Speech Production

Expiration for Sustained Voicing (continued) • Specifically these muscle are the external intercostal muscles and the interchondral part of the internal intercostal muscles. • When vital capacity is lower than 40% vital capacity, the speaker engages the expiratory muscles to continue expiration for sustained voicing. Speech Production

Expiration for Sustained Voicing (continued) Speech Production

Expiration for Speech • Similar to sustained voicing. • But there are differences… • Temporal and stress patterns require a change in sub-glottal air pressure. • Changes in glottis & vocal tract affect airflow and pressure. • Volume of air expended is different. Speech Production

Conditions that Affect Respiration • Parkinson’s Disease • Cerebellar Disease • Cervical Spinal Cord Injury • Cerebral Palsy • Voice Disorders • Hearing Loss Speech Production

Parkinson’s Disease • Progressive neurological disease • Rigidity of muscle movement that can affect respiration and speech production. • Weak breathy voice but varies with degree of impairment. • Lack of pressure can affect individual phonemes. • http://healthology.healingwell.com/hybrid-player/hybrid-smil.asp?f=parkinsons_disease&c=parkinson_wearingoff&b=healingwell&sv=3&spg=FI&han=NO&vidAd=undefined Speech Production

Cerebellar Disease • Cerebellum is important for muscle coordination. • Cerebellum may be damaged via disease or injury • Lose of coordination of respiratory muscles. • Speech tends to be “jerky” or unnatural fluctuations of Fo and intensity. • Often will have normal lung capacities but a reduced vital capacity due to inability to coordinate respiratory muscles. Speech Production

Cervical Spinal Cord Injury • Can result in weakness or paralysis to muscles of respiration. May need mechanical respirator. • Problem generating adequate pressure and flow. • Results in soft speech and slow inspirations. Some difficulty generating enough pressure for some phonemes. • VC is reduced. • Insert Christopher Reeve video. Speech Production

Cerebral Palsy • Spastic CP - (80% of all CPs) • Most common Respiratory muscles tend to be hypotonic and weak. • Inhalations weak and expirations are forced. • Athetoid CP (10%) • Involuntary movements may lead to sudden movements of respiratory muscles. • May become worse under stress • Speech tends to be very “jerky” • Ataxic CP (5-10%) • Lacks coordination. • Tidal Breathing is affected. Speech Production

Voice Disorders • Respiration often depends on specific voice disorder • Hyperfunctional • Hypofunctional • Holistic treatment approach of phonation and respiration is common Speech Production

Hearing Loss • Actual respiration is typically normal. • Problems with coordination of breath stream with articulation and voicing. • Deaf speakers often expend too much air. • Take inspire less for speech. Speech Production

Summary Speech Production

Speech Production