Mr. Nielsen

1. Mr. Nielsen • daniel.nielsen@blackgold.ca • 929 6282 • This covers up to mitosis and meiosis in topic 5

2. Your personal imail account • http://imail.blackgold.ab.ca/ • Use the password I give you and don’t forget it

3. Useful Websites • www.blackgold.ab.ca/ict • Any website that I reference in class or provide a link for could be useful • ALL powerpoints are in the student pick up folder and ready for you to download

4. Things you need to do EVERYDAY • Bring a notebook and textbook • Pens and pencils • Calculator • USB stick • As soon as the bell goes you are ready to start class

5. Note Taking • I will help you to take better notes by • Paraphrasing • Abbreviating • Creating your own symbols and characters • Just actively listen! Not everything needs to be written down. • All powerpoints can be taken home anyway • Be careful that you take the time to study everyday (it only takes a few minutes)

6. http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses/?Page=337

7. Ecosystem, Species, and Genetic Diversity • Biologists have identified • over 1.5 million species of animals • more than 350,000 species of plants • there are more insect species than both animals and plants combined • Biologists estimate there are 30 - 100 million kinds of organisms

8. 3 main components of biological diversity • ecosystem diversity • community and species diversity • genetic diversity • Ecosystem • any place on Earth where living (biotic) things interact with other living and non-living (abiotic) things • Ecosystem Diversity • different types of living communities and environments such as bogs, marshes, lakes, and forests

9. Population • A number of the same species in the same area using the same resources, counted at a specific time • Examples? • Community • is when populations of different species live in the same area and interact • Examples? • Species Diversity • occurs within individual organisms of the same species, also called variation

10. Diversity can occur at the Population, Community, Species and Genetic level

11. Genetic Diversity (cont.) • genetic information is like the language to build the body • very few letters but very long words • we know all the letters but we are not yet able to understand the whole thing • Genetic information represents the potential for adaptation to long-term natural and human-caused changes in the environment

12. If a populations lacks genetic information or genetic diversity, then it might not be able to survive environmental change and reproduce • e.g. Cheetahs - there are so few Cheetahs now that there genetic information is so narrow that many Cheetahs that are still-born • Some wolf populations are experiencing the same effect

14. Types of Variation • Variation between different species: • Some species fly where others walk , climb or swim

15. Variation for survival • Structural adaptations – physiological traits that add to an organisms survival • Behavioral adaptations – character trait that adds to an organisms survival • Behavioral Adaptations • nocturnal predators • Some birds pretend to be wounded to keep young safe • Burrowers • See page 12

16. Pitcher plant is structurally adapted to survive in nitrogen poor soil by trapping and digesting insects Structural Adaptations

17. Behavioral Adaptations Vampire Bats are nocturnal- they choose to be active at night which helps hide them from prey

18. Species distribution • species on this planet are not distributed evenly • the greatest number of plant species can be found around the equator. • Why do you think this is? • The greatest biodiversity is found in the tropical rain forests in equatorial regions • the least amount of biodiversity is found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions (polar regions)

19. Classifying Biological Diversity • A naming system was designed in the 18th century by Carlos Linnaeus • This naming system uses Latin • Linnaeus’ system uses two words to name each living thing • the first word indicates the name of the genus to which the organism belongs • the second word indicates the particular species • no two species can have the same name • Closely related species can have the same genus name, but not the same species name • e.g. Pogona vitticeps (inland bearded dragon) and Pogona henrylawsoni (Lawson’s dragon - miniature bearded dragons)

20. Five-kingdom classification system • Animalia • animals • Plantae • plants • Fungi • yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms • Protista • mostly singled-celled organisms • Monera • bacteria

21. Kingdoms • are divided into a series of phyla (the plural form of phylum) • and also, but not always, subphyla • Phyla • are divided up into classes • Classes • are subdivided into orders • Orders • are divided into families • Families • are divided into genera • Genera • is finally divided up into species

22. Variation within a species variation within a species is called variability variability of a species is very important if the environment where that species lives changes environmental changes don’t always mean weather/climatic changes the introduction of a new predator, the spread of a new disease, the introduction of a toxic substance, or the elimination of a food source are all good examples of environmental changes. if a species has great deal of variation among its population its more likely to survive the change

24. Types of Variation • Variation can also be seen within a species • Slight differences in size, fur or hair colour • Polymorphism (many types) – bees, termites and ants have drones, workers, soldiers and a queen • Sexual Dimorphism – males and females of the same species look very different, often seen in birds

29. Variation within a species (cont.) remember the Cheetahs example their numbers are so low (i.e their genetic variability is low) that they can’t cope with any environmental changes i.e new diseases, elimination of a food source, etc. how variability helps in survival can be seen in the growing problem of certain bacteria becoming more resistant to antibiotics penicillin (one of the first antibiotics) used to be very effective against some forms of bacteria. Today that effectiveness is becoming much less. Scientists think that the over-prescription of antibiotics has allowed a few resistant bacteria within populations with variability to survive. If this continues the resistant bacteria population will replace the current populations and antibiotics will not be effective.to avoid this, antibiotics should only be given when absolutely necessary.

30. One example where species variability has helped a species is the Galapagos Finches • It is believed that a small population of finches was located to these group of islands • because of the variability this population was able to survive and adapt to each of the specific islands • There are now 13 different type of finches on these Galapagos islands which is believed to have evolved from 1 species of finch

31. Activity • Page 11 – Galapagos Finches • How do we measure biological diversity? • Biological Index • Compares the diversity of species in an area with the total number of organisms in the same area (see page 13)

33. Measuring Biological Diversity • A diversity index calculation can be used to compare the diversity of species in an area with the total number of organisms in the same area. • Diversity Index = __Number of Runs___ • Number of Specimens • Where : runs = change from one species to another along the study area • specimens = total # of specimens in the area (total # of letters) • The larger the diversity index the greater the biodiversity in the area. • Example: see text p. 14

34. Measure the biological diversity

35. Measure the biological diversity

36. Questions • Page 15 • Answer all questions on your own and we will take them up next class

37. Topic 2 – Habitat and Lifestyle

38. Interdependence • No species can survive by itself • each species is dependent on many other species in its environment • one type of interdependence is called symbiosis • sym meaning together • bios meaning life • There are several different types of symbiosis • These types are determined by whether the organisms benefit from or are harmed by the relationship

39. the first type is commensalism one of the organisms benefits but the other does not however the second organism is not hurt or harmed by this symbiosis (+. 0) An example of commensalism is exist between remoras (or sharksuckers) and larger marine fishes, especially sharks and rays. The dorsal fin of the remora is specially modified to form a sucking apparatus that is used for attachment to the host. The remora benefits by saving energy due to its limited swimming and obtains food scraps when its host is feeding.

40. Another type of symbiosis is Mutualism (+,+) here both organisms benefit from this interdependence an example of mutualism is exists between Rhinos and oxpeckers (also known as Tick birds) The birds eat ticks they find on the rhinos and noisily warns of danger

41. Another type of symbiosis is Parasitism (+, -) One organism benefits and the other is harmed tapeworm there is one type of interaction that neither species benefits. This is called interspecies competition (-,-) or (-,0). Interspecies competition happens when two or more species need the same resource.

42. interspecies competition(cont.) limits the size of the populations of the competing species by reducing the populations access to the resources one way in which this competition can be reduced is through resource partitioning. Resource partitioning is the dividing up of resources which is available to similar species. Resource partitioning is a direct result of niches

43. The term niche refers to the role of an organism or species in an ecosystem this includes where it lives, what it eats, how it reproduces, and how it interacts with other biotic and abiotic things the niche occupied by a population in one area may not be the same as that in a different area because the food supply and competitors may be different also, the niche occupied by a species may change throughout its lifetime example of this is a frog growing from a tadpole to an adult frog each with its own niche

44. Niche • Broad Niche – able to eat variety of plants or other animals as conditions change • See page 19, 20 • These are generalist species • Narrow niche – specialists that use one or few resources, helps to be the only one to occupy a certain area

45. Another example of Niches • Cape May warbler feeds on insects at the top and tips of the tree. • Yellow-rumped warbler feeds on insects near the trunk's lower branches and on the ground. • Black-throated green warbler feeds near the middle of the tree. • Blackburnian warbler feeds from the outer tips from the middle to the top. • Bay-breasted warbler feeds from the lower half of the tree away from the tips. Five warbler species co-exist in the same tree in the spruce forests of Alberta.

46. Niche Summary • Niche is basically what an organism is and what it does • A bee is an insect that collects nectar from flowers, fertilizes flowers from pollen transfer and makes honey • A poplar tree absorbs light for photosynthesis, removes CO2 from the air and releases O2, provides shelter, stabilizes soil, covers the ground with leaves returning nutrients to the soil

47. Questions • Page 24 • Key terms on page 25

48. Question • Is it always an assumption that any species needs another to survive?

49. Topic 3 “Passing it On” pg 26 • Heritable characteristics • traits passed on from generation to generation • e.g eye color, hair type, and skin color • Non-heritable characteristics • are acquired (i.e they are not passed on from generation to generation) • e.g.a person is really good at football but his or her children will not be born knowing how to play football.

50. Variations can be effected by environment • height is a heritable characteristic but height can be effected by diet • e.g in the 19th century people were a lot shorter than they are now due to poor diet • i.e poor nutrition and lowered variety of food compared to today