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MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 11

MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 11. Climate Change: Connections Menglin Jin San Jose State University. Outline Ozone Depletion Water - Film Perspectives. Human activity. Climate and Weather. Climate Change. Science Understanding. Policy Maker.

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MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 11

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  1. MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 11 Climate Change: Connections Menglin Jin San Jose State University Outline • Ozone Depletion • Water - Film • Perspectives MET 112 Global Climate Change

  2. Human activity Climate and Weather Climate Change Science Understanding Policy Maker successful example is Response to Ozone Hole

  3. Where are the highest concentrations of ozone located? • In large cities • The stratosphere • The troposphere • Near volcanoes MET 112 Global Climate Change

  4. Ozone Depletion Topics • History of Ozone Depletion • The Ozone Hole: what, where, why? • Ozone into the future

  5. Early concerns of ozone depletion MET 112 Global Climate Change

  6. History of Ozone Depletion: connection between human and nature • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) developed in 1940’s and 50’s as: • 1970’s CFCs detected in upper atmosphere. • Many of these have long atmospheric lifetimes: • 1974 Rowland and Molina propose that CFC’s can destroy ozone in the stratosphere. • CFC contain chlorine (Cl) • Refrigerants, propellants, fire retardants • (10’s to 100’s of years) • Chlorine can destroy ozone rapidly MET 112 Global Climate Change

  7. Ozone Hole Recipe Ingredients: • Chlorine gas • Cold Temperatures (~-80C) Instructions: • Allow cold temperatures to form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (1-2 weeks). • Allow time for polar stratospheric clouds to convert chlorine gas into ozone destroying chemicals. (1 month) • Bake ingredients with sunlight. • bingo, a delicious ozone hole! Science interpretation • Chlorine gas is abundant in atmosphere due to CFC’s • Cold Temperatures (~-80C) only occur over Antarctica during the cold winter. • Polar Stratospheric Clouds allow ozone friendly chlorine to be transformed into ozone destroying chlorine. • Ozone depletion then starts when sun returns to Antarctica in the spring • Ozone hole grows from late August through till October. MET 112 Global Climate Change

  8. What is being done about ozone depletion? • Montreal Protocol ~ (1988) international agreement to reduce ozone depleting chemicals • Further amendments accelerated the phase out. • Developed countries have switched to HCFC’s (more ozone friendly!) • Developing countries have until 2004/5 to phase out CFC’s. MET 112 Global Climate Change

  9. Montreal Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989 followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. MET 112 Global Climate Change

  10. Seems to be!!! Recent observations indicate that chlorine is beginning to decline in the atmosphere. Kyoto protocol uses similar approach Start off with small achievable steps Further amendments accelerate reductions Is the Montreal Protocol working? MET 112 Global Climate Change

  11. MET 112 Global Climate Change

  12. Model simulations suggest: atmospheric chlorine will return to pre-80’s level __________________ . Uncertainties still remain: ____________________ ____________________ What are predictions for the future? In next 50 years or so • A slow ozone recovery should follow decreasing chlorine concentrations!!! Phase out of CFC’s Influence of global warming MET 112 Global Climate Change

  13. MET 112 Global Climate Change

  14. No direct connection between these environmental issues. Global warming produces: Tropospheric warming & Stratospheric cooling What is the connection between ozone depletion and global warming? • However:Global warming may enhance ozone depletion MET 112 Global Climate Change

  15. An increase in greenhouse gases traps more heat and thus The stratosphere tends to cool (stratospheric cooling) Therefore, if the stratosphere cools, then Ozone hole chemistry PSCs will likely increase So slightly more ozone depletion Global warming will delay recovery of ozone layer What is the connection between ozone depletion and global warming? MET 112 Global Climate Change

  16. Over the last 100 years, global tropospheric ozone levels have been • increasing • decreasing • nearly constant MET 112 Global Climate Change

  17. The chemical that triggers rapid ozone loss associated with CFCs is • Carbon Dioxide • Nitrogen dioxide • Methane • Chlorine MET 112 Global Climate Change

  18. The Antarctic ozone hole develops during • SH Spring • SH Summer • NH Spring • NH Summer MET 112 Global Climate Change

  19. Global ozone values are expected to recover in the next • 10 years • 30 years • 50 years • 100 years MET 112 Global Climate Change

  20. Necessities for life Air Water Food MET 112 Global Climate Change

  21. Drinkable Water (Freshwater) • Of all the water in the world, 97% is sea water (salt) • Freshwater occupies only 3% of the Earth’s water • Of the freshwater, 77% of freshwater is locked up as ice. • Water is the most important natural resources in the world. MET 112 Global Climate Change

  22. Drinkable Water (Freshwater) • Today, over 1 billion people don’t have access to safe drinking water Two Sudanese boys drink with specially fitted plastic tubes provided by the Carter Center to guard against the water-borne larvae which are responsible for guinea worm disease. MET 112 Global Climate Change

  23. Drinkable Water (Freshwater) • The predictions of climate change suggest that access to fresh water will be made more difficult • Changes in location and quantity of precipitation • Raising sea levels MET 112 Global Climate Change

  24. Economic interest Water "One of the world's great business opportunities. It promises to be to the 21st century what oil was to the 20th." - Fortune Magazine MET 112 Global Climate Change

  25. Lecture Summary • Ozone depletion is good example of science and policy working together to manage a global environmental concern. • The Ozone hole is produced by unique combination of weather ___________ and chemistry (___________). • The Ozone hole develops during _______ over Antarctica. • Global ozone trends are ___________ except in the tropics, • Global ozone trends are expected to recover in next ___ or more years. Stratospheric ozone: decreasing, tropospheric ozone increasing MET 112 Global Climate Change

  26. Lecture Summary • Ozone depletion is good example of science and policy working together to manage a global environmental concern. • The Ozone hole is produced by unique combination of weather ___________ and chemistry (___ chlorine ________). • The Ozone hole develops during __ spring _____ over Antarctica. • Global ozone trends are __ negative _________ except in the tropics, • Global ozone trends are expected to recover in next ___ or more years. cold temps 50 Stratospheric ozone: increasing, tropospheric ozone decreasing MET 112 Global Climate Change

  27. Human activity Climate and Weather Climate Change Science Understanding Policy Maker successful example is Response to Ozone Hole

  28. Your opinion…

  29. 0 of 250 Global warming is under way? • Strongly Agree • Agree • Neutral • Disagree • Strongly Disagree MET 112 Global Climate Change

  30. The US should sign the Kyoto Protocol • Strongly Agree • Agree • Neutral • Disagree • Strongly Disagree MET 112 Global Climate Change

  31. 0 of 250 Government should act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions even if it means raising energy prices • Strongly Agree • Agree • Neutral • Disagree • Strongly Disagree

  32. 0 of 250 If you were going to help mitigate global warming, which change would you feel most comfortable making. • Taking public transport more • Paying more for gasoline • Altering your food choices

  33. 0 of 250 Global warming will affect your life? • Strongly Agree • Agree • Neutral • Disagree • Strongly Disagree MET 112 Global Climate Change

  34. 0 of 250 I would vote for a law that raises gasoline taxes by $0.05 per gallon to improve energy efficiency • Yes • No

  35. 0 of 250 I would vote for a law that raises gasoline taxes by $0.25 per gallon to improve energy efficiency • Yes • No

  36. 0 of 250 I would vote for a law that raises gasoline taxes by $1.00 per gallon to improve energy efficiency • Yes • No

  37. 0 of 250 To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I’m willing to reduce the number of miles I drive and fly • Strongly Agree • Agree • Neutral • Disagree • Strongly Disagree

  38. 0 of 250 To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I’m willing to change my diet • Strongly Agree • Agree • Neutral • Disagree • Strongly Disagree MET 112 Global Climate Change

  39. 0 of 250 To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I will encourage my friends and family to reduce energy use • Strongly Agree • Agree • Neutral • Disagree • Strongly Disagree MET 112 Global Climate Change

  40. 0 of 250 To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I feel compelled to do whatever I can to reduce greenhouse gas emissions • Strongly Agree • Agree • Neutral • Disagree • Strongly Disagree MET 112 Global Climate Change

  41. Local Action: Does It Make a Difference? “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed it’s the only thing that ever has. -- Margaret Mead. MET 112 Global Climate Change

  42. Purchasing (new concept!) • Consider the implication when you buy something. • Was the product produced in an environmentally friendly manner. • Were the people who made the product treated fairly. • Do the values of the company selling the product match your own. • Low price doesn’t always mean the best deal for everybody… MET 112 Global Climate Change

  43. Goal of education Critical Thinking So don’t be afraid to contemplate, examine and analyze…or in simple words…think. MET 112 Global Climate Change

  44. Tips to reduce • Transport • Drive less • Public transport • Carpool • Do errands on one trip • Don’t idle car • Check tire pressure • Residential • Check home insulation • Turn off electrical appliances (lights, TV, computers) when not in use • Replace standard light bulbs with low energy bulbs • Monitor your home heating/cooling by using thermostats MET 112 Global Climate Change

  45. Tips (continued) • Reduce your waste • Consider the packaging when purchasing goods. • Reuse bags • Recycle • Purchasing Power • Buy energy efficient light bulbs • Consider fuel economy when purchasing a vehicle MET 112 Global Climate Change

  46. For future A child enjoys clean water MET 112 Global Climate Change

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