Illegal Drugs

1. Illegal Drugs

2. What is a drug? • A chemical that causes a physiological or psychological action in the body • Illegal drugs are abused because they produce a euphoric effect • Euphoria – a deep sense of well-being • Why do many people take illegal drugs? • It makes them feel good!!!

3. Price of euphoria… • Tolerance – occurs when, over time, an ever-increasing dose of a drug is required • Physical dependency • results when the body becomes accustomed to the regular intake of a drug • Can happen if the drug user takes a new dose before the effects of the previous dose have worn off • Withdrawal sickness (cramps, nausea, chills, vomiting, insomnia, convulsions, pain, and hallucinations)

4. Psychological dependency • deep need for the continued intake of a drug occurs in an individual • Ex. Rat, two levers, cocaine, food

5. Drug Threat Matrix • Illegal drugs that show up in arrests on the street • 37% identify cocaine as the major drug threat • 36% methamphetamine • 13% marijuana • 9% heroin • 1% 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

6. History of Cocaine • Leaves of the coca plant, Erythroxylon coca, were given to Inca royalty in keeping with their religious and cultural beliefs • The SA Indians chewed on the leaves to get additional strength and endurance • In the 1880s Sigmund Freud considered cocaine a miracle drug that led to clarity of mind • In 1886 the Coca Cola Co. marketed its new soft drink, made from the same coca leaves, as an alternative to alcoholic drinks • One bottle of Coca Cola contained about 60 mg of cocaine • In 1903 the co. was forced to remove cocaine from its beverage, but it still uses the leaves for flavor

8. Methods of extracting cocaine • Leaves mashed and soaked • Cocaine extracted with help from a solvent • Extract is 70% cocaine hydrochloride • Cocaine hydrochloride is a salt and can either be injected intravenously or inhaled through the nose • When mixed with an aqueous solution of baking soda and heated, the basic form of the drug is obtained • As the mixture is heated, a cracking sound is produced, hence the name crack cocaine

9. Effects • Stimulant • effects can last from 15-30 minutes to an hour, depending upon the method of ingestion • increases alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality • Athletic performance may be enhanced. • Anxiety, paranoia and restlessness are also frequent. • With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions and increased body temperature are observed

10. Methamphetamine • Stimulant that causes a euphoric effect in the user • Powdered – also called crystal or crank; most common form; produced in illegal labs; can be injected, snorted, ingested, or smoked • Ice – also known as glass, batu, or shabu; made by recrystalizing powdered meth. In a solvent such as water, alcohol, or acetone; usually smoked • Tablets – normally manufactured in Burma; can be flavored and taken by mouth or smoked; often imprinted with an R or a WY

11. Manufacturing of Methamphetamine • Manufactured using ephedrine or pseudophedrine as a starting ingredient • E and P with hyroiodic acid and red phosphorus • E and P with iodine, red phosphorus, and water • E and P with iodine and hypophosphorous acid • E and P with ammonia and sodium metal • Mercuric acid, methylamine, phenyl-2-propanone, and aluminum • Production of 1 lb of meth yields 6 lb of toxic waste

12. Effects • Physical effects can include anorexia, hyperactivity, dilated pupils, flushing, restlessness, dry mouth, headache, tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, hypotension, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, diarrhea, constipation, blurred vision, dizziness, twitching, insomnia, numbness, palpitations, arrhythmias, tremors, dry and/or itchy skin, acne, pallor, and with chronic and/or high doses, convulsions, heart attack, stroke, and death can occur • Psychological effects can include euphoria, anxiety, increased libido, alertness, concentration, energy, self-esteem, self-confidence, sociability, irritability, aggression, psychosomatic disorders, psychomotor agitation, hubris, excessive feelings of power and invincibility, repetitive and obsessive behaviors, paranoia, and with chronic and/or high doses, amphetamine psychosis can occur

13. Marijuana Facts • mild hallucinogen • Most commonly used illegal drug in the U.S. • Estimated that more than 12 million Americans above the age of 12 use marijuana at least once a month • Estimated that about 54% of the population between the ages of 18 and 25 have tried it • Used in Chinese medicine as early as 2737 B.C. • Entered the U.S. from 1850-1942 and recommended for the treatment of rheumatism, nausea, and labor pains

14. Greenish-brown mixture of the leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the plant Cannabis • Grows in most parts of the world • Active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) • Marijuana and other cannabis products are usually smoked • can be brewed into tea or mixed in baked products (cookies or brownies). • Used to treat glaucoma and to lessen nausea caused by anticancer drugs and AIDS treatment

15. Effects • Bind to specific receptor sites in the human brain which trigger the euphoric effect for which the drug is taken • dry mouth and throat, increased heart rate, impaired coordination and balance, delayed reaction time, and diminished short-term memory • Moderate doses tend to induce a sense of well-being and a dreamy state of relaxation that encourages fantasies, renders some users highly suggestible, and distorts perception (making it dangerous to operate machinery, drive a car or boat, or ride a bicycle). • Stronger doses prompt more intense and often disturbing reactions including paranoia and hallucinations.

16. Heroin • Derivative of the narcotic morphine • A narcotic is a drug that reduces pain and causes sleep • Morphine is the active ingredient of opium, the juice of the unripe poppy plant • Famous scene in the Wizard of Oz • 3400 B.C. cultivated by the Sumerians who called it Hul Gil which means “joy plant” • A mixture of opium, alcohol, and herbs was sold to the public as laudanum • In 1898 Bayer marketed a new wonder drug, Bayer Heroin

18. Manufacturing of Heroin • Created by reacting morphine with acetic anhydride • Normally sold on the street as a mixture of heroin and various cutting agents, which can include quinine, mannitol, lactose, starch, and even arsenic • Taken as an intravenous injection • Spoon used to hold heroin, salt, and water over candle and warmed until dissolved

19. Effects • used as both a pain-killer and a recreational drug and has an extremely high potential for abuse

20. MDMA a.k.a. Ecstasy • A hallucinogen that is a member of synthetic drugs used at nightclubs and referred to as club drugs • Produced by Merck Pharmaceutical • In 1976 Alexander Shulgin of San Francisco taste-tested it • “I feel absolutely clean inside, and there is nothing but pure euphoria. I have never felt so great or believed this to be possible. The cleanliness, clarity, and marvelous feeling of solid inner strength continued throughout the rest of the day and evening. I am overcome by the profundity of the experience.”

21. Classified as a moderate threat by the U.S. Dept. of Justice • Used by psychotherapists in the 1980s but has since been banned altogether by the DEA • 90% is synthesized in Belgium and the Netherlands • Pure MDMA is a crystalline solid • Typical dose is about 125 mg • Normally taken orally as a tablet, capsule, or powder

22. Effects • tendency to induce a sense of intimacy with others and diminished feelings of fear, anxiety, and depression. • Before it was made a controlled substance, MDMA was used as an augmentation to psychotherapy, often couples therapy, and to help treat clinical depression as well as anxiety disorders. • Clinical trials are now testing the therapeutic potential of MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety associated with terminal cancer

23. Mouse Party

24. Pharmaceuticals • Abused substances that are available legally by prescription • Obtained by improper prescribing, forging prescriptions, theft, or going to multiple doctors for prescriptions • New sources is Internet pharmacies • Hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone (Oxycotin), hydromorphoone (Dilaudid), and codeine, diazepam (Valium), dextroamphetamine (Adderall) and methylphenidate (Ritalin)

25. Date Rape Drugs • GHB • Available over the counter at health food stores in the 1980s • Was used by body builders to help increase muscle mass and reduce fat • Rohypnol • Causes a condition known as anterograde amnesia • Person may not remember any of the events that occur when they are incapacitated • Effect is greatly increased when the drug is mixed with alcohol

26. Ketamine • Legally used as an animal anesthetic and approved for human anesthetic • Normal usage levels cause a dreamy state and hallucinations

27. LSD • First synthesized by Swiss chemist in 1943 • Derivative of lysergic acid which is produced by ergot fungus • Powerful drug that can be active in as small a dose as 25 micrograms • Hoffmann accidentally ingested some and experienced the first “acid trip” • Some people can experience flashbacks • Available in the form of tablets, capsules, liquid, gelatin squares, and sugar cubes

28. PCP • hallucinogen • Can be snorted, smoked, or eaten • Developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic but was never approved for use in humans • Often mixed with other drugs or used to lace cigarettes, cigars, and marijuana joints • Can cause a feeling of invincibility • Can exhibit great feats of strength b/c they feel no pain

29. Psilocybin • Active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms • Chocolates filled with ground up mushrooms have been found • Illegal in the U.S., except for Native Americans for use in their religious practices

30. Inhalants • Solvent vapors that cause a euphoric effect • Aerosols, gases, and nitrates • Spray paint, glue, nail polish remover, and cleaning fluid are the most common • Abuse of these drugs can cause dizziness, withdrawal, nausea, vomiting, and seizures • Can cause damage to the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, and liver

31. The Controlled Substances Act • Passed in 1970 • Schedule I • No accepted medical use • High potential for abuse • Cannot be prescribed by physicians • Heroin, LSD, MDMA, psilocybin, marijuana • Schedule II • Have accepted medical use • High potential for abuse • Can be prescribed by physicians with strict control • Opium, morphine, codeine, cocaine, oxycodone, methamphetamine, ritalin

32. Schedule III • Accepted medical use • Medium potential for abuse • Amobarbital, anabolic steroids • Schedule IV • Accepted medical use • Lower potential for abuse • Valium, Xanax, Ambien • Schedule V • Accepted medical use • Lowest potential for abuse • Logen, motofen

33. Analysis of Drug Evidence • Important to use gloves and sometimes a mask when collecting drug evidence

34. Presumptory test • Carried out in field • Places drug in pouch • Squeezes a capsule within the pouch releasing the chemical reagent inside • Specific color changes indicate the possible presence of a drug • Can be used as probable cause for an arrest • Can yield false positives • Cannot be used in court

36. Confirmatory Test • Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer

37. Alcohol and Driving • Most commonly abused drug in the U.S. • Illegal when combined with the act of driving or under legal age • Limit for DWI is BAC of 0.08% • THE FIRST DUI conviction in a person's lifetime is a misdemeanor. Upon conviction the defendant may be given a sentence of up to 365 days in the county or municipal jail and a fine between $600 and $2,100. The DUI defendant will also be ordered to attend a court approved substance abuse program and he will have his driver's privilege suspended for 90 days.

38. Rate of Absorption • Quantity of alcohol consumed • Time over which the alcohol was consumed • Form of the alcohol • Contents of the stomach

39. Field Sobriety Tests • Horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) • Involuntary jerking of the eye that occurs naturally as the eyes gaze to the side • Under normal conditions, this occurs when the eyes are rotated at high peripheral angles • Under the influence of alcohol, it is exaggerated and may occur at lesser angles • Difficulty following a slow moving object horizontally

40. Walk and Turn • Subject is directed to take nine steps, heel-to-toe, along a straight line • After taking the steps, the suspect must turn on one foot and return in the same manner in the opposite direction • Indicators of impairment: lack of balance, begins early, stops to regain balance, doesn’t touch heel-to-toe, steps off line, uses arms to balance, makes an improper turn, or takes incorrect number of steps

41. One-Leg Stand • Suspect instructed to stand with one foot approx. six inches off the ground and count aloud by thousands until told to put the foot down • Officer times subject for 30 seconds • Indicators of impairment: swaying while balancing, using arms to balance, hopping, and putting the foot down

42. Intoxilyzer 5000 • Person give 3 chances to blow sufficient breath into a disposable mouthpiece • If the subject fails to provide enough breath, it is considered a refusal • Once the breath is trapped within a transparent chamber, an infrared beam of light is passed through it • Instrument measures the absorption of infrared light by the alcohol in the breath and uses this to calculate the BAC