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Blood

Blood. anatomy. Components . Formed elements: living blood cells are suspended in the plasma (nonliving). Blood is connective tissue Buffy coat: the thin whitish layer between the RBCs and the plasma. Leukocytes: white blood cells

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Blood

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  1. Blood anatomy

  2. Components • Formed elements: living blood cells are suspended in the plasma (nonliving). • Blood is connective tissue • Buffy coat: the thin whitish layer between the RBCs and the plasma. • Leukocytes: white blood cells • Platelets: cell fragments that function in the blood-clotting process. • Both of these are less than 1% of blood • Hematocrit: erythrocytes that account for 45% of the total volume of blood • Plasma: makes up 55% of blood.

  3. Physical characteristics and volume • Sticky • Opaque • Metallic taste • Salty • Red • Heavier than water and 5 times thicker • Alkaline • pH 7.35-7.45 • Temperature: 100.4 degrees F • 8% of body weight • Healthy males have 5-6 quarts.

  4. Plasma • 90% water • Most plasma proteins are made by the liver • Albumin: osmotic pressure of blood • Clotting proteins: help stem blood loss when a vessel is injured. • Antibodies: help protect the body from pathogens • Acidosis: too acidic • Alkalosis: too basic

  5. Formed elements • Erythrocytes: Red blood cells, they ferry oxygen in blood to all cells of the body. • RBCs lack a nucleus. • Hemoglobin: iron containing protein that transports most of oxygen • Lack of mitochondria and make ATP by anaerobic mechanisms • RBCs are normally 5 million cells per cubic millimeter of blood. • Blood contains 12-18 g hemoglobin per 100 mL blood. • Higher in men than in women.

  6. Formed elements cont. • Leukocytes: white blood cells. • Protects against diseases • 4000-11,000 WBCs per cubic millimeter • Can slip in and out of vessels. (diapedesis) • Leukocytosis: a WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3 • Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC

  7. Other leukocytes • Granulocytes: lobed nuclei, include neutrophilsand basophils • Neutrophils: multiplied nucleus, avid phagocytes at sites of acute infections • Eosinophils: blue-red nucleus, increases rapidly during allergies and infections by parasitic worms. • Basophils: rarest of the WBCs, large histamine-containing granules • Agranulocytes: spherical nuclei, include lymphocytes, and monocytes. • Lymphocytes: large dark purple nucleus, in lymphatic tissue • Monocytes: largest WBCs , change to macrophages with huge appetites

  8. Platelets • Fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes. • Hemostasis: stoppage of blood flow • Thrombus: a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel • Embolus: if a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream • Blood clots in 3-6 minutes • Fibrin is a clot formed during hemostasis. • Lack of Vitamin K in body causes undesirable clotting. • Calcium is needed for clotting properly

  9. Blood groups and transfusions Losses of 15-30% lead to pallor and weakness Losses of over 30% cause severe shock which can be fatal Blood can be stored for up to 35 days in a refrigerator.

  10. Human blood groups • Antigens: body recognizes as foreign • ABO blood groups: are based on the A or B a person inherits. • Absence of both is O blood group • Rh blood groups: positive or negative • Pregnant women who carry a positive baby in a negative mother will have to have RhoGAM shots to allow the baby to live.

  11. Homeostatic Imbalances • Anemia: a decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood • 1. lower than normal number of RBCs • 2. abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs • Lack of vitamin B12 • Lack of iron • Genetic defect • Hemorrhage • Jaundice: yellowed tissue due to rapid break down of hemoglobin.

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