Presentation Transcript

1. Section 2

   Classical Civilizations in the West
2. 39. How did major river valley civilizations influence the development of the classical civilizations?
3. Classical civilizations improved on earlier technologies for agriculture, manufacturing, and city life. They built more elaborate philosophical and religious systems and expanded mathematical and scientific knowledge. Their governments had improved military capacities thanks to iron weaponry. Classical civilizations created larger political structures capable of controlling more territory.
4. 40. Describe the major causes of the development of Classical Civilizations
5. Civilizations expanded beyond the original areas of the River Valleys as leaders used military force to conquer surrounding areas/peoples
6. 41. What are the effects of the development of Classical Civilizations?
7. Development of more complex institutions of government resultedEstablishment of empires in the Mediterranean region (Persia, Greece, Rome), Establishment of empire as dominate form of political organizationFuture civilizations copied, emulated, built upon classical empiresGreece modeled decentralized governmentRome modeled centralized governmentCreation of more sophisticated technology, needed for military conquestsIncreased social stratification
8. 42. What are the causes of major world religions?
9. Developed to address humanity’s questions of: “Why here?”, “What happens after death?”, “How do we get along?”
10. 43. What are the effects of major world religions?
11. Adoption of various religious/philosophical traditions, including Christianity
12. 44. What are the causes of the spread of Christianity?
13. Adopted as official religion of the Roman Empire in 312AD by the Edict of MilanPaxRomana offered peaceful period for Christian missionaries to travel throughout the Roman EmpireMissionaries were able to speak to large crowds in the urban areas of the Roman Empire where Greek was commonly spokenChristianity offered more personal relationship with God than mythology, was attractive to all classes, argued for equality of believers Pagan traditions were incorporated into Christian traditions aiding in cultural unification of EuropeGermanic tribes converted to Christianity and spread the religion in areas of Northern Europe when they conquered
14. 45. What are the effects of the spread of Christianity?
15. Christianity served to cultural unify a politically and linguistically decentralized EuropeRoman Catholic Church became a powerful political force and amassed wealth in landholdingsChristian monks preserved classical and Biblical works and were scribes of the periodCathedrals were built throughout Europe and still stand as testament to the power of the Roman Catholic Church
16. 46. What are the causes of the decline of Rome?
17. political upheavalcivil warsplagueempire too large to managebloated bureaucracy inflationfailure to advance technologicallybarbarian (Germanic tribes) invasions
18. 47. What are the effects of the decline of Rome?
19. With no Roman army for protection, system of feudalism developed and trade was disruptedChristianity culturally united Europe
20. 48. Describe the major political influences of Persia.
21. empire stretched from eastern Europe to Pakistan and from southern Russia to Sudan (modern boundaries)Unification of imperial power dividing territory into provinces and using of a strong military to maintain powerconnected by a Royal Road and network of roadscreation of an advanced postal systemuse of local officials called satraps administered for the emperorcodification of public law and created system of royal judges
22. 49. Describe the major religious/philosophical influence of Persia.
23. Zoroastrianism was the official religion, yet tolerant of other belief systemsZoroastrianism ideas may have spread to Hebrews and influenced early Judaism
24. 50. Describe the major cultural influences of Persia.
25. limited original sources remain, so most information gained from the writings of the GreeksPersian language
26. 51 Describe the major political influences of Greece.
27. Politically divided into city-states, the two most famous being Sparta and AthensGrew as a small empire when city-states established colonies in Asia Minor, along the Black Sea, in Italy, and north AfricaConflict between Greeks in Asia Minor and the Persian Empire led to warAn unanticipated victory of Greeks over the Persians led to a unification of the Greeks Animosity between city-states led to civil war (Peloponnesian War) and eventual decline in power of the Greek city-statesDemocratic ideas based on Athenian experiment with limited democracy
28. 52. Describe the major religious/philosophical influences of Greece/
29. Polytheistic pantheon of gods and goddesses, personified nature and explained the human conditionGreat philosophical traditions of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle-whose writings became the heart of scientific methodIdeas of Greeks were adopted by the Romans
30. 53. Describe the major cultural influences of Greece.
31. Hellenistic culture that celebrated the human experience and human bodyStressed science, mathematics, astronomy (Galen and Archimedes)Notable creation of architecture using columns and sculptureArchitectural achievements to the Greeks were built upon by later RomansGreat epic poems Iliad and Odyssey stressed the value of heroOlympic gamesCreation of drama (comedy and tragedy)
32. 54. Describe the major political influences of Rome.
33. Politically began as a republic in 509BCWar and conquest led to huge territorial gains, first in North Africa and the Mediterranean region and eventually into northern EuropeGrowth in power of the military generals created political power struggles and fall of the republicRepublican rule was replaced by imperial rule with the victory of Octavian over Mark AntonyImperial Rome still maintained some political institutions from republican rule, such as the Senate but real power was in the emperor and a growing bureaucracyUnder imperial rule Rome thrived economically and an aristocratic class of large landed estate owners developedDuring the 2nd century a period of peace and prosperity – PaxRomana resulted from strong ruleYears of political instability, civil war and internal decline made the empire vulnerable to invasion by nomadic (barbarian) groups Ideas of branches of government, republican and imperial forms of government
34. 55. Describe the major religious/philosophical influences of Rome/
35. Christianity developed in the eastern edge of the empire originally as a Jewish sectChristianity adopted as official state religion in 313 AD by the Edict of Milan after years of persecution of ChristiansChristianity remained the major political, intellectual and cultural force in the region even after collapse of the empire
36. 56. Describe the major cultural influences of Rome/
37. Adopted Greek Hellenistic philosophy, literature, scientific ideasMaster builders –roads, aqueducts, fortifications, citiesMilitary powerLatin languageRoman legal traditions- Twelve Tables, “innocent until proven guilty” right to challenge accuser in front of a judge
38. 57. What was the impact of the the fall of Rome on Western Civilization?
39. The collapse of Roman rule left a large political and economic vacuum in western Europe and decentralized rule followedPopulations fell vulnerable to invading groups without the protection of the Roman armyTrade stagnated, cultural backwardness and lack of scientific growthA new era for the Christian Church emerged as church leaders filled the political voidPower shifted to the East-especially Constantinople and the Byzantine empire grew
40. 58. What were the rights and responsibilities of citizens and non-citizens in civic participation in Classical Greece?
41. Citizens included free, Greek-born, males Citizens could vote, serve in the Assembly and/or Council of 500 Citizens were expected to give military service and participate in the Assembly and serve jury duty
42. 59. What were the rights and responsibilities of citizens and non-citizens in civic participation in Classical Rome.
43. Distinctive division between citizens and noncitizens, those with no civil rights Only male of the patrician (aristocratic class) could hold political office Both patricians and plebeians (less wealthy class) could vote Plebeians served in the Roman army
44. 60. How did the rule of law begin in ancient times?
45. Rome flourished because it strongly supported the “rule of law.” Government officials were not above the law, nor could they act outside the law. The Roman Republic issued the Twelve Tables to protect the plebeians. These laws were placed in public meeting placed and covered civil, criminal, and religious law and provided a foundation for later Roman law codes. Under these laws, all citizens were subject to the same rules and laws.
46. 61. How did the following ideas influence the rights and responsibilities of citizenship? trial by a jury of your peers, innocent until proven guilty, and a right to equality before the law.
47. Roman legal concepts such as, right to a "trial by a jury of your peers", idea of “innocent until proven guilty" and a right to “equality before the law" are reflected in later Western civilization legal documents and traditions such as the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights and US Constitution.
48. 62. What are the historical origins of Christianity?
49. Jesus was born to a Jewish family and as an adult became an itinerant teacher gathering a following of disciples Born in present day Israel Eventually Jesus claimed to be the Messiah and “Son of God” Jesus gained popularity with the poor and common people and threatened the power of the Jewish establishment Jewish authorities persuaded Roman leaders to bring Jesus to justice Jesus was tried for blasphemy and treason, found guilty and put to death by crucifixion
50. 63. What are the central ideas of Christianity?
51. Jesus is divine “son of God”A monotheistic religionChristian teachings are found in the BibleAfter his death Jesus resurrected from the dead to reveal himself to his followersA second coming of Jesus will happen on a Day of JudgmentWorship God, practice love and service to God and fellow human beings is expectedForgiveness of sins and salvation are obtained through belief in death and resurrection of Christ
52. 64. How did Christianity spread?
53. Spread by followers of Jesus know as the disciples Missionaries were able to reach large groups in urban areas that spoke Greek Roman roads and “PaxRomana” allowed ease of travel for Christian missionaries Following a period of persecution, Christianity was adopted as official religion by the Roman Empire in 4th century –Edict of Milan Conversion of Germanic tribes in the Middle Ages continued to spread Christianity to regions of Western Europe Later colonization spread Christianity to the Americas in the 16th century
54. 65.What are the fundamental ideas and institutions of Western civilizations that originated in Greece and Rome?
55. Classical Greece/ Rome Stressed the fundamental worth of the individual Pride in athletic competition Legal traditions bring order and stability
56. 66. What mathematical, scientific, and technological advances originated in Classical Greece?
57. Origin Aristotle’s writings on logic, observation, and experimentation later became the basis for scientific method, use of geometry, and calculation of the earth’s circumference Diffusion writings were preserved by the Muslims and restored to European civilization with the Renaissance
58. 67. What mathematical, scientific, and technological advances originated in Classical Rome?
59. Origin Idea that the earth revolved around the sun advances in engineering, aqueducts, roads, monumental buildings Diffusion Writings were preserved by the Muslims and restored to European civilization with the Renaissance
60. 68. What were the contributions of Archimedes?
61. Established the value of pi (π) Explained the workings of levers Invented the screw pump
62. 69. What were the contributions of Eratosthenes?
63. Calculated the circumference of the earth
64. 70. What were the contributions of Pythagoras?
65. Responsible for proving that in a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the two right-angle sides will always be the same as the square of the hypotenuse (the long side). A2 + B2 = C2.
66. END SECTION 2