Presentation Transcript

1. Dragana Filipović

   Modals

2. Modals Verbs that can come before another verb and add to the meaning of that verb. He plays the guitar. He can play the guitar. See that film. You should see that film.
3. The modals are: WILL / WOULD CAN / COULD MAY / MIGHT SHALL / SHOULD OUGHT TO MUST HAVE TO NEED
4. The rules about using modals: A modal always has the same form. I must leave. He must leave. A modal is followed by the infinitive. I shouldknow the answer but I don’t. Questions are formed by inverting the modal and the subject. Hecan swim well. – Canhe swim well? Negatives are formed by adding not (n’t). He couldn’t come with us because he was busy.
5. Exceptions Have to and need take –s in the 3rd person singular: He has to go. Your hair needsto be cut. (passive full infinitive) Your hair needscutting. (-ing form)
6. Exceptions Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without to, except for ought to and have to. Sorry, I can’tcome. He mighthave phoned you when you were out. I haveto meet Sally. You oughtto see the performance.
7. Modal verbs are used to express: Ability (in the present / future) Can / be able to Paul can swim fast. I can give you back the money next week. (usual) I will be able to give you back the money next week. (less usual, more formal)
8. Modal verbs are used to express: Ability (in the past) Could – for repeated actions and with the verbs see, hear, smell, understand etc. for single actions She could play the violin when she was six. (repeated action) I could smell something burning. (single action) Was able to – for either repeated or single actions She was able to play the violin when she was six. I was able to go on a trip round the city last week. (single action)
9. Modal verbs are used to express: Could / be able to can both be used in negations and questions for either repeated or single actions. She couldn’t / wasn’t able to pass her driving test. Were you able to / Could you get to work yesterday?
10. Can is the Present Simple, could is the Past Simple. For other tenses we use be able to. He hasn’t been able to call them yet but he can call them tomorrow.
11. Modal verbs are used to express: Possibility (present or future) May / might / could + present infinitive Jim may / might / could pass the test this time. Where’s Ann? – She couldbe in the shopping mall. Possibility (past) May / might / could + perfect infinitive John looks miserable. He may/might/couldhave lost his job.
12. Modal verbs are used to express: Could + perfect infinitive is also used for something which was possible but did not actually happen. Don’t drive that fast! You could have killed that boy. (Luckily, you didn’t kill him.) To express possibility in questions we don’t use may. We use: Can he? Could he? Is he likely to? Might he?
13. Modal verbs are used to express: Probability Ought to / should + present infinitive (something is probable now or in the future) Laura ought to / should passthe exam. (= She will probably pass it.) Ought to / should + perfect infinitive (something that we expected to happen but we don’t know if it happened or not) Has Sue phoned yet? She ought to / should have phoned an hour ago.
14. Modal verbs are used to express: Logical assumptions Can’t / couldn’t + present infinitive (= I don’t think; It’s logically improbable) She can’t berich. Her house is too small. Must + present infinitive (= I think; I’m fairly sure; It’s logically probable) His face is red. He must beangry. Can’t is the opposite of must.
15. Logical assumptions Can’t / couldn’t + perfect infinitive (= It’s impossible that something happened in the past) She can’t / couldn’t have lied to us. She always tells the truth. Must + perfect infinitive (= It’s very probable that something happened in the past.) I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
16. Permission Asking for permission Can (informal) / Could (more polite) May (formal) / Might (more formal) Can / Could I interrupt you for a second? May / Might I speak to the manager, please?
17. Giving or refusing permission Can (informal) Can (Could) I use your phone? – Of course you can. May (formal) Luggage may be left here. Mustn’t / can’t (informal – refusing) I’m afraid you mustn’t / can’t smoke in here. May not (formal) You may not smoke in this building.
18. Talking about permission Can / be allowed to (the future or present) Students are allowed to / can use the gym free of charge. Could (about the past – for repeated actions) Was/were allowed to (about the past, both repeated and single actions) I could always / I was always allowed to stay in the gym after school. The reporter was allowed to take a photo of Madonna. (single action) Couldn’t / wasn’t allowed to (in negations)
19. Requests Can you help me, please? (informal) Will you get me my slippers, please? (familiar) Could you make me some tea? (polite) May I have a glass of water? (formal) Would you post this letter for me? (more polite and formal than ‘Could you’) Would you mind closing the window? (more formal)
20. Offers & Suggestions I’ll post this letter for you if you like. Shall I help you with your luggage? Would you like some more tea? Shall we go out for a walk? We can / could go to the cinema, if you like. Let’s go out for a walk. How / What about going to the park? Why don’t we go out for a walk?
21. Advice & Criticism Should / ought to + present infinitive (it’s the best thing to do) You should stopsmoking. You ought to treatanimals kindly. Shall I? (asking for advice) Shall I tell him the truth? Should / ought to + perfect infinitive (about the past) You shouldn’t have been rude to your sister yesterday. You oughtn’t to have started smoking.
22. Obligation - Necessity Must / have to (= It’s necessary) Must is used only for the present and future when the speakers decides. I must lose some weight. (It’s my decision.) Have to is used when the necessity comes from outside the speaker. I have to lose some weight. The doctor says so. Had to is used in the past. I had to go to work early yesterday.
23. Obligation - Necessity Have got to (more informal, used for obligation on a single occasion) I’ve got to go. Ought to (duty; it’s the right thing to do) We ought to respect the environment. Need (it’s necessary) is followed by a passive full infinitive or an –ing form, and takes –s in the 3rd person singular) The door needsto be mended. The door needsmending.
24. Absence of Necessity Needn’t + bare present infinitive / don’t have to / don’t need to (it’s not necessary in the present or future) You needn’t takea jacket. It’s warm. You don’t have to / don’t need to take a jacket. Didn’t need to / didn’t have to (it wasn’t necessary in the past and we may not know if the action happened or not) He didn’t need/have to buy any milk. There was a lot in the fridge. (I don’t know if he bought any.)
25. Absence of Necessity Needn’t + bare perfect infinitive (We know that something happened in the past although it was not necessary.) She needn’t have bought any milk. There was a lot in the fridge. (I know she bough some milk but there was no need.)
26. Prohibition Mustn’t (= it’s forbidden) You mustn’t smoke in the office. Can’t (= you are not allowed to) You can’t wait here.
27. NOW LET´S PRACTICE!! Rewrite each sentence without changing the meaning. a) You didn´t study at all. Bad mistake! You SHOULD HAVE STUDIED. b) Did you manage to find the keys? Were __________________________________ c) It wasn't necessary to get up so early in the end. I didn't ________________________________ d) Perhaps Leannne forgot our date. Leanne might ______________________________ e) It was possible for you to have got lost. You could ______________________________ f) It would have been a good idea not to trust him. You should ___________________________ g) Smoking in class is prohibited. You mustn´t _____________________________ h) Mum went shopping but it wasn´t necessary. Mum needn't __________________________ i) It would be better to tell him. You ought ____________________________ j) I´m sure they aren´t at home. All the lights are off. They can't _____________________________
28. Replace the words in italics with appropriate modal verbs. Add any other necessary words. “Wonderful, it´s Sunday and (a) not necessary for me toget up at 7 o´clock. (b) I´ll possibly stay in bed a bit longer although I think the children (c) are probably awake now and I´ll (d) be obligedto get their breakfast soon. They refuse to make it for themselves. I’d better get up immediately because (e) perhaps they will wreckthe house. However, it is still very early and they (f) areprobably notvery hungry yet. (g) It would have been a good idea if I had put out the cornflakes and milk yesterday evening. But all this thinking and not acting is really silly! (h) It´s really necessary for meto get up this minute. Now where are my bedroom slippers? That damn dog (i) has probablyhidden them again! (j) Itwould be a good idea for us to train it better, but I suppose we (k) weren´t obligedto buy it in the first place, and after all, it´s only a puppy. Oh, I’d forgotten! (l) It´s just possible that Alan will beback from his business trip today - marvellous! One adult isn´t enough to look after four children, a puppy, and three goldfish! Why (m) did he refuse totakeme with him? (n) It was possible for us toget his mother to come and look after the children. Never again!”
29. KEY toexercise 1 b. wereyouabletofindthekeys? c. I didn´thavetoget up so early. d. Leannemighthaveforgottenour date. e. Youcouldhavegotlost. f. Youshouldnothavetrustedhim. g. Youmustn´tsmoke in class. h. Mumneedn´thavegone shopping. i. Yououghttotellhim. j. Theycan´tbe at home. Thelights are off. KEY toexercise 2 a. I NEEDN’T b. I MIGHT STAY c. MAY BE d. HAVE TO e. THEY MIGHT f. CAN’T BE g. I SHOULD HAVE h. I MUST i. MUST HAVE j. WE SHOULD k. DIDN’T HAVE TO l. ALAN MAY BE m. COULDN’T HE n. WE COULD HAVE GOT