Essential Question:

1. Essential Question: “His passions are terrible” “tenacious intelligence” “I am denounced as a man with of revengeful temper” “Mysterious charm” “My reputation is dearer to me than life” “Ferocious animal” Champion of the “Common Man”? “King”Andrew? OR

2. Essential Question: Assess the extent to which Jacksonian Democrats were guardians of the US constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity.

3. Identify the reforms that occurred in the early-mid 19th century that led to the Rise of a Mass Democracy. Identify the arguments for and against the “spoils system” and explain its affect on the Jackson Presidency. Assess whether or not President Jackson violated the separation of powers in his actions to destroy the Bank of the United States. Assess whether or not President Jackson violated states' rights in his dealings with South Carolina in the nullification crisis. Assess whether or not President Jackson violated laws, treaties, and Supreme Court orders in his dealings with Native Americans. Unit Objectives:

4. What were the Democratic Trends of the early 19c?

5. Why Increased Democratization? • White male suffrage increased • Grassroots campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) • Party Nominating Conventions. • Spoils system. • Return of Two-party system: • Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854) • Democrats (1828)

6. Jackson's First Presidential Run

7. The" Common Man”vs. the “Aristocrat” “I am a man of reserved, old, austere, and forbidding manners: my political adversaries say, a gloomy misanthropist, and my personal enemies an unsocial savage.” John Quincy Adams[MA]

8. Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay[KY] John Quincy Adams[MA] John C. Calhoun[SC] William H. Crawford[GA]

9. Results of the 1824 Election A “Corrupt Bargain?”

10. What were the key issues in 1828?

11. Rachel Jackson Pg 260 Newspaper and Pimp Final Divorce Decree

12. The New “Jackson Coalition” • Eastern • Southern • Western • State Politicians

13. Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man” • Intense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. • His heart & soul was with the“plain folk.” • Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

14. The Reign of “King Mob”

15. So, was Jackson Democratic?

16. The “Spoils System” & “Peggy Eaton Affair”

17. The Nullification Issue

18. The Webster-Hayne Debate Sen. Daniel Webster[MA] Sen. Robert Hayne[SC]

19. Sectionalism Showdown 1830 Webster:Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jackson:Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Calhoun:The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

20. 1832 Tariff Conflict • 1828 -->“Tariff of Abomination” • 1832 --> new tariff • South Carolina’s reaction? • Jackson’s response? • Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff?

21. Jackson's Native-American Policy

22. Indian Removal • Jackson’s Goal? • 1830 Indian Removal Act • Cherokee Nation v. GA(1831)* “domestic dependent nation” • Worcester v. GA(1832) • Jackson to Marshall:

23. Indian Removal Act 1830 Urged by President Jackson, Congress gave the federal government the power to relocate any Native Americans in the east to territory that was west of the Mississippi River. Though the Native Americans were to be compensated, this was not always done fairly and in some cases led to the further destruction of many of the already diminishing numbers of many of the eastern tribes. Worchester v. Georgia; Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Worchester v. Georgia: 1832 - The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: 1831 - The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government. Cherokee Indian removal, "Trail of Tears" A minority of the Cherokee tribe, despite the protest of the majority, had surrendered their Georgia land in the 1835. During the winter of 1838 - 1839, troops under General Winfield Scott evicted them from their homes in Georgia and moved them to Oklahoma Indian country. Many died on the trail; the journey became known as the "Trail of Tears".

24. Indian Removal

25. Renewing the Charter of the 1st National Bank

26. Jackson’s Use of Federal Power VETO 1830 Maysville Road

27. The National Bank Debate NicholasBiddle PresidentJackson

28. Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S. “Soft”(paper) $ “Hard”(specie) $ • state bankers feltit restrained theirbanks from issuingbank notes freely. • supported rapid economic growth & speculation. • felt that coin was the only safecurrency. • didn’t like any bankthat issued banknotes. • suspicious of expansion &speculation.

29. The “Monster” Is Destroyed! • 1832  • 1836  • “pet banks”? • 1841 

30. 1832 Election Results Main Issue?

31. The Specie Circular (1836) • “wildcat banks.” • buy future federalland only with gold orsilver. • Jackson’s goal? The Specie Circular, issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply.

32. Results of the Specie Circular • Banknotes loose their value. • Land sales plummeted. • Credit not available. • Businesses began to fail. • Unemployment rose.

33. The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

34. The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook”[O. K.]

35. Andrew Jackson in Retirement

36. Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844(one year before his death) 1767 - 1845

37. Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

38. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c BACK

40. BACK

41. 1828 Election Results BACK

42. New K N I C K S New KNICKS

43. Essential Question: Assess the extent to which Jacksonian Democrats were guardians of the US constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity.

44. Document Analysis • Sourcing • Date and Author • Bias/POV • Creditability • Audience • OI • 2. Thesis: Does Doc support or oppose your thesis?

45. Writing: 1. Topic Sentence 2. O. I. FIRST 3. Doc Ref/Citation 4. Transition 5. Counter Opp. Views if applicable Analysis NOT summary or list

46. Were Jacksonian democrats guardians of . . . 1. The Constitution? • Failed to uphold S.C. decisions (Cherokee Indians) • Vetoed bank of the U.S. (Upheld as constitutional in McCulloch v. Maryland) • States rights views seen as a threat to the national government

47. Were Jacksonian democrats guardians of . . .  2. Political democracy? • Appealed to the working classes Expanded the right to vote • First nominating conventions • Dem. reforms • Spoils system

48. Were Jacksonian democrats guardians of . . . 3. Individual liberty? Right to vote still restricted to white males • Did little to help the condition of blacks, immigrants, and slaves

49. Were Jacksonian democrats guardians of . . . 4. Equality of economic opportunity? • Bank veto done to protect people from a monopoly controlled by wealthy Americans and foreigners • Tariffs

50.   Andrew Jackson began a whole new era in American history. Amongst his greatest accomplishments were evoking the "common man" to be interested in government and tailoring democracy to satisfy the same "common man?s" needs. Of course, Jackson could not go about making such radical changes without supporters, but that never surfaced as a problem. Jacksonian Democrats, as they came to be called, were great in number during the 1820?s and 1830?s. They advocated all of the issues that President Jackson did, and did so with great vigor. They thought of themselves very highly because they recognized their responsibilities as American citizens. They realized that as political leaders they had a true purpose- to protect and serve the American people. The Jacksonians justified their view of themselves in their sincere attempts to guard the United States Constitution by both promoting equality of economic opportunity and increasing political democracy, but they had their downfalls with issues of individual liberties.