Conducting an Interview

1. Conducting an Interview Ateneo de Manila High School English Department Mr. Galinato

2. OBJECTIVES • Know the use of an interview. • Be familiar with the different types of: • interviews, • topics to cover in an interview, and • questions to ask in an interview. • Know the proper sequence of questions in an interview. • Know the proper wording of effective questions.

3. OBJECTIVES • Note the important steps to take: • before, • during, • and after the interview.

4. INTRODUCTION • Interviews are particularly useful for pursuing in-depth information about a topic. • Usually open-ended questions are asked during interviews. • Before you start to design your interview questions, ask yourself what problem or issue needs to be addressed.

5. TYPES OF INTERVIEWS • Informal / Conversational Interview • No predetermined questions are asked in order to remain as open and adaptable as possible to the interviewee’s nature and priorities. • During the interview, the interviewer “goes with the flow.”

6. TYPES OF INTERVIEWS • General Interview Guide Approach • This is intended to ensure that the same general area of information are collected from each interviewee. • This provides more focus than the conversational approach, but still allows a degree of freedom and adaptability in getting information form the interviewee.

7. TYPES OF INTERVIEWS • Standardized / Open-ended Interview • The same open-ended questions are asked to all interviewees. • An open-ended question is where respondents are free to choose how to answer the question. • This approach facilitates faster interviews that can be more easily analyzed and compared.

8. TYPES OF INTERVIEWS • Closed / Fixed-response Interview • All interviewees are asked the same questions and asked to choose answers from the same set of alternatives. • This format is useful for those not practiced in interviewing.

9. TYPES OF TOPICS IN QUESTIONS • Behaviors • what a person has done or is doing • Opinions / Values • what a person thinks about a topic • Feelings • what a person feels about a topic • Knowledge • to get facts about a topic

10. TYPES OF TOPICS IN QUESTIONS • Sensory • what people have seen, touched, heard, tasted, and smelled • Background / Demographics • standard background questions such as age, education, profession, etc. Note: These questions can be asked in terms of past, present, or future.

11. TYPES OF QUESTIONS • Opening Question • Put the subject at ease with a question designed to draw out energy and enthusiasm for the topic. • Example: “Thank you for agreeing to talk with us. What excites you the most about…?” • Factual Questions • Create a record of all the important details of the story even if you won’t use all the answers in the final cut. • Use the basic questions “who, what, where, when, why, and how?”

12. TYPES OF QUESTIONS • Probing Questions • Listen to the answers you are getting. • Probe further, ask for more details. • Hypothetical Questions • Invite the subject to do their own probing beyond personal experience. • Example: “What if you were given the chance to live over again? Is there anything you would have done differently?”

13. SEQUENCE OF QUESTIONS • Get the respondents involved in the interview as soon as possible. • Before asking about controversial matters such as feelings and conclusions, ask first about some facts. • This way, respondents can more easily engage in the interview before warming up to more personal matters. • Intersperse fact-based questions throughout the interview. • This is to avoid long lists of fact-based questions, which tend to leave respondents disengaged.

14. SEQUENCE OF QUESTIONS • Ask questions about the present before questions about the past or future. • It’s usually easier for them to talk about the present and then work into the past or future. • The last questions might be to allow respondents to provide any other information they prefer to add and their impressions of the interview.

15. WORDING OF QUESTIONS • Wording should be open-ended. • Respondents should be able to choose their own terms when answering questions. • Questions should be as neutral as possible. • Avoid wording that might influence answers. • Questions should be asked one at a time.

16. WORDING OF QUESTIONS • Questions should be worded clearly. • This includes knowing any terms particular to the program or the respondent’s culture. • Be careful in asking WHY questions. • This type of question infers a cause-effect relationship that may not truly exist. • These questions may also cause respondents to feel defensive (i.e. that they have to justify their response), which may inhibit their responses to this and future questions.

17. BEFORE THE INTERVIEW

18. BEFORE THE INTERVIEW • Choose a setting with little distraction. • Avoid loud lights or noises. • Ensure the interviewee is comfortable. • Often, they may feel more comfortable at their own place of work or homes. • Explain the purpose of the interview. • Indicate how long the interview usually takes.

19. BEFORE THE INTERVIEW • Tell them how to get in touch with you later if they want to. • Ask them if they have any questions before you both get started with the interview. • Don’t count on your memory to recall their answers. • Ask for permission to record the interview or bring along someone to take notes.

20. DURING THE INTERVIEW

21. DURING THE INTERVIEW • Occasionally verify if the tape recorder is working. • Ask one question at a time. • Attempt to remain as neutral as possible. • Don’t show strong emotional reactions to their responses. • Act as if you’ve “heard it all before.” • Encourage responses. • Occasionally nod your head or say “Uh huh” and the like.

22. DURING THE INTERVIEW • Be careful about your appearance when note taking. • If you jerk to take a note, it may appear as if you’re surprised or very pleased about an answer, which may influence answers to future questions. • Provide transition between major topics. • “We’ve been talking about (some topic) and now I’d like to move on to (another topic).”

23. DURING THE INTERVIEW • Don’t lose control of the interview. • This can occur when respondents: (a) stray to another topic, (b) take so long to answer a question that time begins to run out, or (c) begin to ask questions to the interviewer.

24. AFTER THE INTERVIEW

25. AFTER THE INTERVIEW • Verify if the tape recorder worked throughout the interview. • Go through your written notes. • Clarify any erasures. • Ensure pages are numbered. • Correct notes that don’t make sense.

26. AFTER THE INTERVIEW • Write down any observations made during the interview. • Where and when did the interview occur? • Was the respondent particularly nervous at any time? • Were there any interruptions during the interview? • Did you run out of recording time?

27. SOURCES McNamara, Carter. “General Guidelines for Conducting Interviews.” 1999. Authenticity Consulting, LLC. 5 Sept. 2006 <http://www.managementhelp.org/evaluatn/intrview.htm> “The Art of Conducting an Interview.” 5 Sept. 2006 <www.knowitall.org/bellsouthdigitalstoryteller/training/pdf/interview.pdf>