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Understanding Firearms Operating Principles

Firearms operate based on specific mechanisms such as the firing pin striking the primer, leading to the bullet firing down the barrel. The cycle of firing includes identifying and ejecting the cartridge case. Different actions like automatic, semi-automatic, and manual dictate how the firearm functions. Loading and unloading mechanisms vary, including bolt action, lever action, and pump action, each requiring different manual operations for firing.

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Understanding Firearms Operating Principles

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  1. Operating principle of firearms Ujaala Jain Assistant Professor, SoFS

  2. Cycle of Firing

  3. CARTRIDGE CASE IDENTIFICATION CARTRIDGE CASE EJECTION barrel Magazine and magazine spring Louise Walzer, JPSO Crime Lab

  4. The firing pin is recessed - The firing pin strikes the primer, sending the bullet down the barrel. The back of the primer is slammed back onto the breech. Louise Walzer, JPSO Crime Lab

  5. Firing Pin Striking Primer Louise Walzer, JPSO Crime Lab

  6. PRIMER CUP ANVIL FLASH HOLE CONTACT EXPLOSIVES Louise Walzer, JPSO Crime Lab

  7. Rearward movement of Slide after cartridge has been fired Ejection port Breech Slide Extractor Ejection of Fired Cartridge Case

  8. Action Mechanism • Automatic Action- Only one trigger press is needed and the entire process is done automatically. • Semi-automatic Action- The process is completed till unloading of the cartridge case and after that a new trigger press is required. • Manual- Everything has to be done manually by the operator.

  9. Loading and Unloading mechanism Bolt Action • The mechanism combines the firing pin, a spring, and an extractor, all housed in a locking breechblock. The spring-loaded firing pin slide back and forth inside the bolt, which itself is the breechblock.

  10. Loading and Unloading mechanism LeverAction • It is a type of action for repeating firearms that uses a manually operated cocking handle located around the trigger guard area that pivots forward to move the slider via internal linkages, which will feed and extract cartridges into and out of the chamber, and cock the firing pin mechanism.

  11. Loading and Unloading mechanism Pump Action • Pump action is a type of manual firearm action that is operated by moving a sliding handguard on the gun's forestock. When shooting, the sliding forend is pulled rearward to eject any expended cartridge and typically to cock the hammer or striker, and then pushed forward to load a new cartridge into the chamber.

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