Presented by – P.K.Agarwal , AGM, POSOCO, pk.agarwal@posoco.in

1. Experience of Up-scaling and Integration of Regional Level Synchrophasors Pilot Projects to a National Level project Presented by – P.K.Agarwal, AGM, POSOCO, pk.agarwal@posoco.in

2. Outline • Indian Power System • Wide Area Monitoring System • Synchrophasors Pilot Projects. • Challenges in Up-scaling to National Pilot Project. • Way forward - URTDSM Scheme Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

3. Indian Power System Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

4. Evolution of National Grid October 1991 East and Northeast synchronized March 2003 West synchronized With East & Northeast Five Regional Grids Five Frequencies Pre – October 1991 August 2006 North synchronized With Central Grid Future: 2014 One Grid - One Nation Five Regional Grids Two Frequencies Post August 2006 One Frequency 4 Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

5. REGIONAL GRIDS NORTHERN REGION NORTH-EASTERN REGION EASTERN REGION WESTERNREGION SOUTHERN REGION Indian Grid Diversity Deficit Region Snow fed – run-of –the –river hydro Highly weather sensitive load Adverse weather conditions: Fog & Dust Storm Very low load High hydro potential Evacuation problems Low load High coal reserves Pit head base load plants Industrial load and agricultural load High load (40% agricultural load) Monsoon dependent hydro ALL INDIA INSTALLED CAPACITY NORTH :- 61.3 GW EAST :- 28.8 GW SOUTH :- 56.8 GW WEST :- 78.7 GW NORTH-EAST :- 2.9 GW TOTAL :- 228 GW Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

6. International Connections Nepal Bhutan Tala: 1020 MW Chukha: 336 MW Kurichu: 60 MW Net import by India Over 16 links of 132/33/11 KV Radial links with Nepal Net import by Nepal Bangladesh 400 KV AC line between Baharampur(India) and Bheramara(Bangladesh) with 500 MW HVDC sub-station at Bheramara Sri Lanka Proposed Madurai (India) and Anuradhapura (Sri-Lanka) through ±500 KV HVDC under sea cable Maps not to scale Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

7. Synchrophasor Technology Experience of Upscallling to National Pilot Project

8. Wide Area Monitoring System Data Storage and Applications Data Storage and Applications PMU PDC Input Streams PDC Output Streams PDC Output Streams Regional PDC National PDC PMU PDC PMU A Typical Architecture of WAMS Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project • WAMS is a networks of Phasor Measurement Units consist of • PMUs synchronised with GPS. • Fast communication channels like FO. • Phasor data concentrator. • Data management and services software.

9. Time Synchronised and Time Aligned Phasor Data from WAMS Allows us to see dynamics not visible in traditional SCADA measurement. Enables accurate event analysis by precise comparison Like traffic cameras monitoring transmission highways. Visualize traffic density as well as pattern. Improve situational awareness. Provide early warning of subtlest beginning of dynamic interaction. Provides root cause analysis of the events. Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

10. SCADA vs WAMS Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

11. Synchrophasors Pilot Projects Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

12. First PMU Pilot Project • First PLU Pilot Project in India was implemented in by Powergrid/POSOCO in Northern Region. • Project was having 1 PDC and 4 PMUs. Later more added. Now 14 Nos. in NR. Time Line: PMU Locations: • Separated by large geographical distance • Monitoring the Network Stability • Near big generating stations / critical nodes • Broad band communication link with the control centre • Relative Importance from present topology and prospective augmentation Concept to Commissioning : Within one Year Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

13. System Architecture of NR Pilot Project Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

14. PMU Project Equipment 1. Global Positioning System 2. Phasor Measurement Unit. 1. Phasor Data Concentrator 2. Data Historian 3. LAN equipments 4. Operator Console. Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

15. Displays available at the operator console for visualization Display for absolute frequency Display for frequency difference Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

16. Other Pilot projects being undertaken by other RLDCs All PMU Locations Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

17. All Loactions of PMUs Pilot Projects • Total no of PMUs - 59 Nos. • (including 3 nos. PMU installed by IPPs) • Region wise PMUs: • NR - 14 Nos • WR - 15 Nos • ER - 12 Nos • SR - 10 Nos • NER – 08 Nos • At present data from 44 PMUs are available at NLDC PDC. • In addition to above data from 4 PMUs installed as demo project is also available Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

18. National Synchrophasors Pilot Project Architecture NLDC Console PDC Historian Router 14 PMUs PDC/Console NR PDC/Console PDC/Console PDC/Console 8 PMUs PDC/Console SR ER WR NER 12 PMUs 10 PMUs 15 PMUs Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

19. Improved Visualisation

20. Challenges in Up-scaling to National Pilot Project Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

21. Communication channels • Non-availability of communication links/channels: • PMU locations and regional control centers. • Regional control centers to National Control center. • Location of some of the PMUs have to be shifted. Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

22. Availability space for GPS antenna • Some places due to limitation of cable length of GPS antenna. • Due to unavailability of clearest possible view of the sky. • GPS sometimes goes ‘out of sync’ in bad weather conditions. Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

23. Non availability of signals from protection core • PMUs needs accurate measurement of current and voltage signals as input • Ideally input should be provided from protection core of the current transformer (CT). • Non-availability of protection core or restriction of burden on protection core. • Inputs to PMUs have to be provided from CT’s metering core. Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

24. Issues with substations with automation system • Issue of providing CT/PT connections to PMUs came up. • physical connection from CT/PT are available only in bay control units (BCU) installed in switch yard area. • PMU requires main input from bus PT, they were installed in BCU having bus signals. • CTs for feeders were available in different BCUs. Hence, at such places line current could not be wired to PMUs. Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

25. Communication connectors • Mismatch between different types of connectors used for termination of communication cables. • different types of connectors-due to difference of rating/resistance/make and communication equipment of different technologies was a tedious task to resolve. • Present communication system was installed under ULDC scheme in year 2000 - PDH technology - channels are separated by using hardware which uses G703 interface. • Present equipment used for networking system uses Ethernet interface. • Converters from G.703 to Ethernet were used. • These converters require external power supply. • became a week point due to need of external power supply.. Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

26. Storage of data • Storage at Regional PDC vs at National PDC. • National project, number of PMUs were large, increased data storage capacity have to be provided. • Using of internal hard drives of servers for data storage was not feasible. • storage area network (SAN) system has been used for providing the high capacity of hard disk capacity required for the data historian. • SAN also provided the scalability of storage capacity required in future. Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

27. Configuration of parameters • Parameters matching of regional PDC with that of national PDC were the tedious task. • Regional PDCs are of different make, they were having OEM supplied configuration utilities • matching of their configuration parameters were not straight forward task. • open source PMU connection tester was used for establishing the communication availability than parameters were easy to match. Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

28. Way forward - URTDSM Scheme Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

29. Unified Real Time Dynamic State Measurement (URTDSM) Project PROJECT ENVISAGES: Installation of around 1750 PMU’s throughout the Grid in 2 phases at: All 400 kV stations in State and ISTS grids All generating stations at 220 kV and above HVDC terminals and inter-regional and inter-national tie lines Both ends of 400kV and above transmission lines at State and ISTS sector 32 PDCs located at SLDCs, RLDCs and NLDCs. Transmission of PMU data over fiber optic communication network Development of software analytics 30% of the PMUs to be supplied to be manufactured indigenously. Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

30. Super PDC at NLDC Super PDC at Back up NLDC Remote Consoles to share data for planning & Research Super PDCs at five RLDCs Master PDCs at SLDCs PMUs located at State Sector Substations PMUs located at IPPs across the Grid PMUs located at Central Sector Substations Router Router Router PMU- n PMU- n PMU- n PMU -1 PMU -1 PMU -1 URTDSM System – Data Flow Hierarchy Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

31. Analytics Development Real time State monitoring Synchrophasor based State Estimation Post-mortem analysis Online Vulnerability Analysis of Distance Relays PMU supervised tripping of Zone-3 Validation of network parameters Voltage Stability Assessment Frequency Stability assessment and control Online Instrument Transformer validation Angular stability assessment and control Model Validation Validate and improve accuracy Necessary Additional benefits 31 Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project

32. Thanks for your attention Experience of Upscaling to National Pilot Project