Université de Savoie UFR-LLSH LCE1 UE 103 CM de Phonétique & Phonologie

1. Université de Savoie UFR-LLSHLCE1 UE 103CM de Phonétique & Phonologie Alice Henderson ahend@univ-savoie.fr Office 812

2. Content of the five lectures 1) Introduction, Phonemes 2) Sounds in context: « connected speech » 3)Stress, accent & rhythm 4) Intonation 5) Conclusion

3. General Outline: Lecture 1 • Introduction, Why & How • The IPA: History & Importance • Generalities about spoken English & spoken French • Conclusion • Bibliography

4. Why have this lecture? • To better understand • how English is spoken • how spoken English can be studied • To arouse your curiosity • about a living language • about a potential subject of research

5. Why phonetics? Why phonology? • to improve your hearing • to improve your speaking • to improve your communication skills • to improve your understanding of: • the unique features of spoken French (your L1) • the unique features of spoken English

6. What is phonetics? • The study of sounds produced by human beings • « Branche de la linguistique qui étudie les sons des langues naturelles » (Petit Robert) • A systematic approach to these sounds

7. What is phonology? « Science which studies the function of phonemes in natural languages. » (Phonemes = « the smallest unit of spoken language ») Source: Petit Robert

8. What are the branches of this field? • General phonetics (acoustic & articulatory/physiological): studies the functionning of the human speech appartus and analyses articulatory capacities & the characteristics of the sounds produced, using acoustic measures • Descriptive phonetics : study of phonetic properties of a given language • Historical/evolutionary phonetics : study of the phonetic changes of a given language • Normative phonetics : prescribes rules for the « good » pronunciation of a given language • Forensic phonetics : study of phonetic properties for a medico-legal purpose

9. What are the tools of descriptive phonetics? • A system of symbols which graphically represents human sounds • The IPA system (International Phonetics Association)

10. General Outline: Lecture 1 • Introduction, Why & How • The IPA: History & Importance • Generalities about spoken English & spoken French • Conclusion • Bibliography

11. Early days of the Association • Dhi Fonètik Tîcerz' Asóciécon (the FTA) • To help children: • pronounce foreign languages better • learn to read more easily

12. Basic terminology An articulatory definition for this lecture • consonants • vowels Anatomy of the vocal tract

13. Understanding the IPA chart • Pulmonic consonants • Non-pulmonic consonants • Vowels • Other symbols • Diacritic marks • Supra-segmental marks: accent, intonation

14. Pulmonic consonants (1/2) • Logical, methodical presentation • Modes/Manners of articulation (vertical axe) • Places of articulation (horizontal axe) • Pairs: unvoiced (left), voiced (right) Symbols & examples

15. Pulmonic Consonants (2/2) • Horizontal axis : bilabials, labio-dentals, dentales, alveolars, post-alveolars, retroflex, palatals, velars, uvulars, pharyngeals, glottals • Vertical axis: stops/plosives, nasals, trills, taps/flaps, fricatives, lateral fricatives, approximants, lateral approximants

16. Non-pulmonic consonants • The air does not come from the lungs Symbols & examples

17. Try it …. • Exercises on the Web at UCL « Web Tutor » • Exercises with the terminology, adapted from P. Ashby’s Speech Sounds

18. Answers … • Ex. 8.1.: palatal, uvular, uvular, bilabial, alveolar, alveolar, palatal, alveolar, velar, uvular • Ex. 8.2.: plosive (2), nasal (1,3), tap (8), fricative (4,6,10), approximant (9), lateral approximant (7), implosive (5). Lateral fricative • Ex. 8.4.: (see white board)

19. Understanding the IPA chart • Pulmonic consonants • Non-pulmonic consonants • Vowels • Other symbols • Diacritic marks • Supra-segmental marks: accent, intonation

20. Vowels: the Cardinal vowels(1/2) • Vowel chart • « reference points » = Cardinal vowels Cardinal vowels chart

21. Vowels: the Cardinal vowels(2/2) Three aspects of the description of a vowel • degree of openness (height of the tongue): • open • close (« près ») • semi-close • semi-open • the position (what part of the tongue is « working »): • frontal • central • back • relative length:

22. Other symbols • Scottish where ≠ wear • Polish: siadaG, zieba • /t§/ of church? /d½/ of judge?

23. Diacritic marks • Try … • Aspirated • Creaky voice, breathy voice • Labialized • Dentalized • Rhoticity • Nasalized (French vowels)

24. Supra-segmental marks • Accent • Intonation

25. Summary of the IPA chart • Pulmonic consonants • Non-pulmonic consonants • Vowels • Other symbols • Diacritic marks • Supra-segmental marks: accent, intonation

26. General Outline: Lecture 1 • Introduction, Why & How • The IPA: History & Importance • Generalities about spoken English & spoken French • Conclusion • Bibliography

27. Spoken French • 16 vowels, 20 consonants • 4 nasal vowels /«~ ¿~ F~ Œ~/bain, bon, brun, banc • 3 nasal consonants /m n µ/ gemme, gène, geigne • 3 semi-consonants /j ´ w / scier, suer, souhait; yacht, nuit, ouate • no diphthongs, no triphthongs • contracted forms • stable tonic stress

28. Spoken English • 12 vowels, 24 consonants • 3 nasal consonants, no nasal vowels /m n ÷/ seam, seen, sing • 2 semi-consonants /j w/ yes, welcome • 8 diphthongs /öW ¬W eW eö ¿ö aö W¬ a¬/beer, moor, bear, bay, boy, buy, sew, cow • 5 triphthongs /eöW aöW ¿öW a¬W W¬W/ player, fire, employer, tower, mower • linking/liaisons: V + C, C + V, V + V, C + C • contracted forms contractées, weak & strong forms • variable tonic stress

29. 16 Vs, 20 Cs 3 Cs & 4 nasal Vs 3 semi-Cs ¯ diphths, triphths. liaisons contracted forms stable tonic stress 12 Vs, 24 Cs 3 nasal Cs, ¯ nasal Vs 2 semi-Cs 8 diphths., 5 triphs. liaisons formes cntrcts, weak & strong variable tonic stress Summary: spoken French & English

30. Spoken English: consonants • Obvious symbols • /p b m f v t d l w/ • Less obvious symbols - /k ý s z n h j/ • Bizarre symbols… • /¶ ÷ t§ d½ ½ § Ã/

31. Spoken English: vowels Three aspects of the description of a vowel • degree of openness (height of the tongue): • open : /¾ ŒÉ / cat, car • close (« près »): /iÉ uÉ/ bee, moon • semi-close : mi-fermée /ö ¬/ bid, took • semi-open : /e W ±É à ¿É/ bed, another, bird, bud, board • the position (what part of the tongue is « working »): • frontal : /iÉ ö e ¾/ seat, sit, set, sat • central : /W à ±É/about, shut, shirt • back : /uÉ ¬ ¿É  ŒÉ / moon, foot, four, pot, part • relative length: /iÉ ö/ /¬ uÉ/ English vowel chart

32. Spoken English: diphthongs (1/6) • 8 diphthongs • Two types: • Non-centring/Closing: pay, eye, boy, down,home • Centring: clear, where, tour • Element most susceptible to change

33. Non-centring diphthongs : /eI/

34. Non-centring diphthongs : /aI/

35. Non-centring diphthongs : /a¬/

36. Centring diphthongs : /öW/

37. Centring diphthongs : /eW/

38. Spoken English: triphthongs • Examples • Scottish triphthongs

39. General Outline: Lecture 1 • Introduction, Why & How • The IPA: History & Importance • Generalities about spoken English & spoken French • Conclusion • Bibliography

40. Bibliography & Useful Sources • English Pronouncing Dictionary CD-ROM • Wells, J.C. (2004) « Materials for Summer Course in English Phonetics », University College London • Ashby, P., Speech Sounds, Routledge, 2002 • Cruttenden, A., Gimson’s Pronunciation of English, 6th ed., Arnold, 2001 • Différents sites Web (see photocopy)