Triumph of Nationalism in Europe: Unifying Germany and Italy

1. Chapter 22 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

2. European Map 1815 vs. European Map of 1914 Focus on the small German states…

3. Section 1: Building a German Nation • How did Otto von Bismarck lead the drive for German unity?

4. Annexed lands along the Rhine River for France Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire Organized lesser states into the Rhine Confederation Napoleon Raids German Lands

5. Economic Changes • 1830s – Prussia created a union of German states called Zollverein • Dismantled tariff barriers • 1848 – Frankfurt Assembly – demand German unity • Offer throne to William IV – REJECTED- King is not to be chosen by the people.

6. 1862 – becomes prime minister of Prussia Makes himself Chancellor, highest official of the king Realpolitik– power based on needs of the state Not really a nationalist Strengthened the military despite lack of funding Declares war with Denmark and Austria Austro-Prussian War Otto von Bismarck

7. “Blood and iron…” • “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism, but to her power…The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions – that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by blood and iron!” –Otto von Bismarck • Think  Pair  Share: What is his philosophy about getting things done?

8. Franco-Prussian War • Prussia’s annexation of German states angered France – declares war • Editing of the Ems Dispatch • Prussia easily defeats France – Napoleon III surrenders • Prussia becomes a European strong state

9. Birth of Germany • After the victory, German states persuaded William I of Prussia to take the name “Kaiser” • 1871 – Germany became a nation – The Second Reich (2nd to the Holy Roman Empire) • Two-house legislature; power remained with chancellor

10. Section 2: Germany Strengthens • How did Germany increase power after unifying in 1871?

11. Germany’s Economic Progress • Iron and coal resources • Disciplined & educated workforce • Population growth • 41 million in 1871  67 million in 1914 • Benefited from earlier progress • Small companies  large enterprises • Optical industry: telescopes, microscopes, etc. • Applied science • Synthetic chemicals, dyes, railroads

12. Targeted two groups: Catholic Church and Socialists Wanted to keep France weak Kulturkampf, “battle for civilization” – aimed at making Germans loyal to nation Backfired – religious rallied with the Church Tried to outlaw Socialists – made them stronger Responded by creating programs that benefited “average citizens” Old age pensions Medical insurance The Iron Chancellor

13. 1888 – Succeeded his grandfather 1890 – he asked Bismarck to resign – stated there was only one master in the Reich Believed his right to rule came from God Social welfare – programs to help certain groups Lavished funds for the military Nationalism and aggressive military increased tensions leading to WWI Kaiser William II

14. Section 3: Unifying Italy • How did influential leaders help to create a unified Italy? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7BVo7fERTQ

15. Frequent warfare Loyalties to local regions Nationalists established secret societies Young Italy – established in 1830 by Giuseppe Mazzini For a unified Italy Nationalism takes roots Made practical sense – end trade barriers and stimulate industry Obstacles

16. Italian nationalist Appointed Sardinia’s prime minister under King Victor Emanuel Crafty, willing to use almost any means to achieve goals Economic reforms Improved agriculture Built railroads Supported free trade Made secret deal with Napoleon III Cavour provoked a war with Austria and France assisted Cavour Count Camillo Cavour

17. “Red Shirts” united Italy through military success in Southern Italy Then gives land to Victor Emmanuel 1861 – Crowned King of Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi

18. Challenges for Italy • Regional divisions • North was richer and more cities • South was poor and rural with booming population • Catholic Church vs. Government • Radicals and anarchists were violent • Despite problems, economic progress ensued • Became industrialized, improved education, population boom, emigration

19. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires • How did the desire for national independence among ethnic groups weaken and ultimately destroy the Austrian and Ottoman empires?

20. 1800 – Oldest ruling empire in Europe Made up of many diverse areas Many nationalist ideas Multinational empire ruled by Francis Joseph Limited reforms Hapsburg Empire Declines

21. FerencDeakhelped form a compromise Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary Separate states with own constitution and parliament Shared emperor, finances, defense and foreign affairs The Dual Monarchy

22. Like Hapsburgs, Ottomans ruled a multinational empire 1830 – Serbia wins autonomy 1830s – Greece is independent Other groups begin to revolt against the empire European countries divided up the empire “The sick man of Europe” Wars in the Balkans “Powder keg” explosion = WWI http://naqshbandi.org/ottomans/maps/ Ottoman Empire

23. Russia: Reform and Reaction • Why did industrialization and reform come more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe?

24. Large, populated, world power Vast natural resources Largest obstacle = social structure Tsars ruled with extreme power Most of population were serfs Reforms ended with assassination of Alexander II Alexander III returns Russia to an absolute monarchy Russian Problems

25. More Problems • Alexander III disliked Jews • Pogroms – violent mob attacks • They sought refuge elsewhere • Industrialization brought social and political problems • Social and political problems lead to unrest and eventually…..war. • Russo-Japanese War • Russia had severe losses- causing much unrest • Bloody Sunday-Tsar fled and soldiers killed Orthodox marchers- hundreds of unarmed are killed.

26. Revolution of 1905 • Terrorism and unrest • October Manifesto = Duma (elected legislature) • Peter Stolypin elected Prime Minister • Limited reforms • Assassinated in 1911 • 1914 – Russia is an autocracy, but lots of unrest