Memory

1. Memory

2. Activity • Name the 13 colonies

3. As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is……. Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. So what was the point of the 13 colonies exercise?

4. The Memory Process • Encoding • Storage • Retrieving

5. Encoding • The processing of information into the memory system. Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party

6. Encoding • Attention – linked to a filter that ‘screens’ out most potential stimuli while allowing a select few to pass through. • Studies have shown that people have difficulty if they attempt to focus their attention on two or more inputs simultaneously. • Driving while talking/texting? • Studying while talking about the weekend?

7. Automatic Processing • Unconscious encoding of incidental information. • You encode space, time and word meaning without effort. • Things can become automatic with practice. For example, if I tell you that you that it is 10:30, you will encode the meaning of what I am saying to you without any effort.

8. Effortful Processing • Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. • Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. • Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic. • Can you think of something you have done that has gone from effortful to automatic?

9. Things to remember about Encoding • The next-In-Line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next. • Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered. • Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

10. Spacing Effect • We encode better when we study or practice over time. • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

11. Serial Positioning Effect • Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.

12. Structural (visual) Encoding • Shallow processing emphasizes physical STRUCTURE of stimulus. BEARS run ATNIGHTwhen they ARE hungry for Honey

13. Phonemic (acoustic) Encoding • A little deeper • Emphasis on what a word sounds like • Involves naming or saying the words (perhaps silently) BEARS run ATNIGHTwhen they ARE hungry for Honey

14. Semantic Encoding • Deepest • Emphasizes the MEANING of verbal input • Involves thinking about the objects and actions the words represent BEARS run ATNIGHTwhen they ARE hungry for Honey

15. Which type works best?

16. Enriching Encoding through… • Elaboration • Visual Imagery • Self-Referent Encoding

17. Elaboration • Linking stimulus to other information at the time of encoding • Thinking of an example that illustrates the idea.

18. Tricks to Encode • Use imagery: mental pictures Mnemonic Devices use imagery and organize information; make more meaningful. "Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums." Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Give me some more examples…. Links to examples of mnemonic devices.

19. Self-Reference Effect • Meaning is enhanced when it relates to us (relevance). • The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves. Peg-word system

20. Chunking • Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. • Often it will occur automatically. 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 Do these numbers mean anything to you? 1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

21. Dual Coding Theory • You remember something more if you form BOTH semantic and visual codes

22. Storage • The retention of encoded material over time. Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info. Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.

23. Storage • Sensory • Short Term • Long Term

24. Sensory Memory • Like a sparkler • Memory traces in visual and auditory stores last ¼ of a second

25. Short Term Memory • Memory can hold for 20 seconds UNLESS rehearsed and/or uninterrupted • Capacity of STM is limited - George Miller 7 + or – 2 • You can increase short term memory by chunking • FB-ITW –AC- IAIB – M

26. Now try it this way… • FBI-TWA-CIA-IBM

27. Short Term Memory • STM also referred to as a “Working Memory” – many functions more complicated than previously thought (Baddeley, 2001)

28. Video • http://www.learner.org/resources/series150.html?pop=yes&pid=1617#

29. Long Term Memory • “Unlimited Memory Storehouse” of effectively encoded information • Information is BUILT into your LTM – neural networks are formed (long-term potentiation) • When you mess with the neurotransmitters or neural networks you affect the long-term potentiation Stress-increase formation of memories Drugs – decrease formation of memories

30. Explicit vs. Implicit Memories • Memory of facts and experiences that one must consciously retrieve and use • Processed through hippocampus • Memory of skills and procedures that are retrieved without conscious recollection • Processed through cerebellum Explicit Implicit

31. Retrieval • The process of getting the information out of memory storage. Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure). Finding your document and opening it up.

32. Watch Bomber Video • http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/~glwells/theeyewitnesstest.html

33. Retrieval Cues • Things that help us remember. • We often use a process called priming (the activation of associations in our memory) to help us retrieve information.

34. Context Clues • It helps to put yourself back in the same context you experienced (encoded) something. • If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on the chair.

35. Déjà Vu • That eerie sense that you have experienced something before. • What is occurring is that the current situation cues past experiences that are very similar to the present one- your mind gets confused. Is déjà vu really a glitch in the Matrix?

36. Mood-Congruent Memory • The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. • If you are depressed, you will more likely recall sad memories from your past. • Moods also effects the way you interpret other people’s behaviors

37. Check out the line-up • http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/~glwells/theeyewitnesstest.html

38. Reconstructing Memories • Your memory is not a mental videotape BUT a sketchy reconstruction of the past… • Misinformation effect- when reconstructive distortions show up in eyewitness testimony

39. Misinformation Effect Depiction of Accident

40. Misinformation Effect Leading Question: About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

41. Source Monitoring (Error) • When you determine WHERE you got your memory from The ERROR happens when…. • the memory derived from one source is misattributed to another • Cryptomnesia – inadvertent plagiarism

42. Article - Eyewitness Testimony • Read article • What change are they making? • Why? • Future implications?

43. “Happiness is nothing more than health and a poor memory.”

44. Forgetting

45. Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve (1885)

46. Measures of Forgetting • Recall • Retention • Relearning MC tests test your __________________ Fill in the blank test your _______________

47. Why we forget • Ineffective Encoding • Decay Theory • Interference Theory (retroactive/proactive) • Retrieval Failure • Motivated Forgetting For each – define and apply (or draw?) • Pg. 283 – Check yourself

48. Encoding Failure

49. Encoding Failure • We fail to encode the information. • It never has a chance to enter our LTM.

50. Test Your Memory Which is the real penny?