Creating a Nation

1. 7 Creating a Nation

2. Creating a Nation • Launching the National Republic • Society in the Early American Republic • A Nation Divided • Jeffersonian-Republican Triumph • Conclusion: A Period of Trial and Triumph

3. Launching the National Republic

4. Launching the National Republic • Inauguration of George Washington, April, 1789 • Journey from Virginia to New York • Addressed with simple title of “Mr. President”

5. President-Elect Washington Travels to New York

6. The Bill of Rights • Bill of Rights • A condition of ratification made by some states • Concession by Federalists • Madison puts forward amendments • Twelve selected, 1789 • Ten are ratified by 1791

7. The Economy • Led by Alexander Hamilton, Treasury Secretary • Assumption of states’ debt • National bank • Proposes excise taxes • Some fear a stronger federal government

8. Alexander Hamilton

9. Indian Policy • Acknowledgement of Indian rights • Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 • “Civilizing” the Indians • Responses • Handsome Lake – preaches compromise • Cherokee – assimilation • Others fight: Battle of Fallen Timbers

10. Indian Land Cessions, 1750–1830

11. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 • Whiskey Tax • Hit western farmers hardest • Sense of distance from federal government • Federal troops used to restore order • Never any real threat • Use of federal troops troubling

12. Society in the Early American Republic

13. Regional Differences • Northeast • Small Farms • Some manufacturing • South • Cotton, 30% of U.S. exports by 1805 • Trans-Appalachia • Via the Cumberland Gap and the Ohio River • Ohio divides free from slave area

14. The Nation’s Cities • Northeast most urbanized • Wharves the centers of economic life • Southern port cities serve as entrepôts • Charleston, Savannah • Trans-Appalachia • Small towns on rivers and lakes

15. Free Black Communities • Independent communities in the North • Usually centered on churches • Parallel societies • In the South, very different • Some large communities • New Orleans – libre community

16. Blacks and Slavery, 1790–1820

17. Conquering Distance • Turnpike construction, a multitude of companies • National Road, federal project • Water still preferred • Robert Fulton, steamboat, 1807 • Newspapers, 400 by 1810

18. Religious Revival • The Second Great Awakening, from the 1790s • Revivals • Rural and urban • Camp meetings

19. A Camp Meeting

20. A Nation Divided

21. The French Revolution • Revolution leads to Europe-wide war • Question of America’s stance • British impressments • 1778 treaty with France • Violent turn in the revolution alarms Americans • Federalists support the British • Thomas Jefferson supported France

22. Revolution in Haiti • Revolution beginning in 1791 on Saint Domingue • Toussaint L’Ouverture • Haiti proclaimed, 1804 • American reactions mixed • Planned slave revolt in Richmond, Virginia, 1800 • Stopped

23. The Haitian Revolution

24. Democratic-Republican Societies • Political clubs • Edmond Genêt, French minister, arrives • Asks Congress to help France • Genêt recalled • His influence leads to wave of pro-French sentiment • Democratic Societies • Seen as seditious by some

25. Political Crisis • Jay Treaty with Britain • Compromise at best • Impressments continue • Washington’s Farewell Address • John Adams, elected 1796 • Vice president Thomas Jefferson

26. John Adams

27. Political Crisis (cont’d) • Adams and Jefferson disagree • XYZ Affair • French try to sell their naval protection

28. The Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 • French attacks continue, 1798 • War seems likely • Naturalization Act, • 14 years required for citizenship • Alien Act • No habeas corpus required for enemy aliens

29. The Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 (cont'd) • Sedition Act • Political dissent curtailed • These acts loudly disputed

30. Jeffersonian-Republican Triumph

31. “The Revolution of 1800” • Election of 1800 • Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tie • John Adams third • House of Representatives decides • Coalition government under Jefferson • Anti-Federalists, some former Federalists • Peaceful transfer from one party to another

32. The Trans-Mississippi West • Louisiana Purchase, 1803 • Doubles the size of the nation • Includes mouth of Mississippi • Revolt in Florida encouraged by Americans • Adams-Onís Treaty, 1819 • Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1803-1807

33. Exploring the Trans-Mississippi West, 1804–1807

34. The Trans-Mississippi West (cont'd) • Zebulon Pike • Explores sources of Mississippi to the north • Rockies

35. Neutrality • Renewed attacks on American shipping,1803 • Jefferson proposes Embargo Act, passed 1807 • Little influence on British shipping • Disastrous for American exports and imports • Raises protests • Repealed, 1809

36. Native-American Resistance • Tecumseh and Elskwatawa • Alliance of Native American groups • Kithtippecanoe • Tecumseh preaches against whites • Support of British • Defeated, 1813

37. Native-American Resistance (cont'd) • Creeks involved in Tennessee • Andrew Jackson attacks • Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814 • End of serious armed resistence

38. Tecumseh

39. The War of 1812 • Continued conflicts at sea • Madison asks for declaration of war • Opposed by Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states • British blockade, attack on Washington, D.C. • Hartford Convention, 1814 • Opposition to war

40. The War of 1812 (cont'd) • Peace negotiations, 1814, few Americans gains • Legacy • Black contribution to war • U.S. asserts authority

41. The War of 1812

42. End of First Party System • Jeffersonians split • Madison’s policies • National Bank • Protective tariff to support industry • John Marshall’s court centralizing • Marbury v. Madison • Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee • McCulloch v. Maryland

43. Conclusion:A Period of Trial and Transition

44. Conclusion:A Period of Trial and Transition • Divisions emerge • Federalists versus Jeffersonian Republicans • Influenced by French and Haitian revolutions • Jeffersonians rule from 1800 • Domestic policies favor states’ rights • Foreign policies ambiguous, conflicting • Regional differences apparent

45. Timeline