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PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT

PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT. What do you know so far?. Four main measures questionnaires Ratings of behaviour objective tests projective tests. Personality Tests. Questionnaires. Self-report questionnaires. Limitations social desirability bias. aquiescence Personality tests Cattell’s 16PF

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PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT

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  1. PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT

  2. What do you know so far?

  3. Four main measures questionnaires Ratings of behaviour objective tests projective tests Personality Tests

  4. Questionnaires • Self-report questionnaires. • Limitations • social desirability bias. • aquiescence • Personality tests • Cattell’s 16PF • Eysenck’s EPQ.

  5. Questionnaires II • Criterion-keying approach • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). – the criterion method of test construction. Items are administered to subjects and selected if they can discriminate a criterion group eg anxious group versus non-anxious group

  6. Advantages of Questionnaires • Reliability – internal consistency and test-retest reliability • Validity • Ease of use • Standardisation

  7. Ratings • Observers provide information about other people’s behaviour. • Rate different types of behaviours. • Raters can be trained and assess over long periods of time • However, ratings usually take place over short time, and in one or two situations • What might be the problem with this approach?

  8. Objective Tests • Assess behaviour typically in a laboratory. • Example: • ask participant to blow up a balloon until it bursts as a measure of timidity • the extent to which people sway when standing on tiptoe as a measure of anxiety. • Reaction of autonomic nervous system to stimuli • Free from deliberate distortion. • However, it is difficult to design suitable objective tests for personality that are reliable and valid. • Objective tests are often used in ability testing

  9. Projective Tests • Participants are given an unstructured task to perform • devising a story to fit a picture • describing what can be seen in an ink blot. • Rorschach Inkblot Test. • The Thematic Apperception Test

  10. Projective Tests • Richness of data • Uniqueness • Theory? – individuals project their inner conflicts and anxieties on to the stimuli • However this is not psychoanalytical projection • Difficult to interpret • Difficult to replicate • Responses may be affected by the context • Valid?

  11. A Stimulus from the Rorschach Inkblot Test

  12. Holtzman Inkblot Test • Subjects choose a response to each card • More standardised approach • Scoring is more reliable • There is a parallel form – can achieve a test retest coefficient • Valid?

  13. Thematic Apperception Test • Murray (1938) • Cards which portray people in ambiguous situations • Expressions and feelings of people are also ambiguous • Stimulate stories or descriptions about relationships or social situations • Motivations, drives, conflicts…

  14. Repertory Grid Technique • Element - an individual within their life eg brother, mother, partner • Psychological way in which elements differ from each other – not physical features or background • How are each of the elements construed? – rate the elements on a five point scale

  15. Example of a repertory grid

  16. The analysis of repertory grids • Possibilities are endless • Eyeballing – give a general picture Most analysis: • Patterns of similarities between the constructs • Similarities between the elements

  17. Questions? • Model is very descriptive • Difficult to test – how can we assess whether or not individuals are forming constructs • How can we make sense of someone else’s constructs? • What do they mean?

  18. Q-Sort • Can be used to assess the self concept, the impact of person-centred therapy, explore a particular issue. • The items or statements can be made up by a sensitive clinician, they can be from a standard personality questionnaire but the tendency is to use a standard set of items (the California Q-set) to cover most of the standard feelings about the self. • Items are self-referent statements e.g “I usually like people, ‘I don’t trust my emotions’, I am afraid of what other people may think of me.

  19. Exam • You will be asked to choose questions from a list. • Short essay questions • Will be expected to compare and contrast different theories • To evaluate theories and research

  20. Friday • Friday 11th Personality and personality Disorders – guest lecturer Dr Jonathan Pimm

  21. Critical Review • 500 word review of a paper • You have been suggested 3 papers – pick one • Some points may be: • Did the authors measure what they claimed they would measure? • Did they answer the question which they set out to answer? • Do the findings add to the field? • Did they use the best methods? • Are there further research questions to ask? • Hand in School Office – Friday 18th February – typed, double spaced, • Module Code A42SO2 • Mary Stewart

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