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Workstations, UNIX, and the Net, 1981 -1995

Workstations, UNIX, and the Net, 1981 -1995 . Introduction UNIX: From NEW Jersey to California The Ironies of UNIX VAX Strategy RISC Networking I: Ethernet Networking II: Internet Networking III: WWW Gopher, WAIS. Workstations, UNIX, and the Net, 1981 -1995 . WWW, Mosaic Conclusion

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Workstations, UNIX, and the Net, 1981 -1995

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  1. Workstations, UNIX, and the Net, 1981 -1995 • Introduction • UNIX: From NEW Jersey to California • The Ironies of UNIX • VAX Strategy • RISC • Networking I: Ethernet • Networking II: Internet • Networking III: WWW • Gopher, WAIS

  2. Workstations, UNIX, and the Net, 1981 -1995 • WWW, Mosaic • Conclusion • When Things Start to Think

  3. Introduction • Workstations – what they are • Workstations – inexpensive microprocessor - the Motorola 68000 • Workstations architecture and design similar to the PC • Workstations use of UNIX O/S, with a extensive networking abilities, and I/O peripherals • Bill Poduska- founder of Apollo – delivered the first product that used the Motorola microprocessor and its own NOS – called Domain • Price began at $40,000 • Competition • Wang, Xerox, HP 9000

  4. UNIX: From New Jersey to California • UNIX was created at the Bell Lab in New Jersey • Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie goal for UNIX was the ability to easily share files and use as a programming tool • UNIX intended for universities • UNIX powerful and flexible • UNIX is portable • Flavors of UNIX – like Berkeley UNIX - led to better UNIX development – such as TCP/IP- the Internet

  5. The Ironies of UNIX • UNIX for researchers • UNIX versions • Berkeley UNIX developed on the VAX • UNIX on VAX running TCP/IP, helped transformed the restricted ARPANET to the Internet • UNIX as “open system” • UNIX never challenged the dominance of MS-O/Ss – why? • SUN Microsystems took advantage of UNIX open system architecture – and standardized the Ethernet

  6. VAX Strategy • PC Computers – DOS and Macintosh • Workstations and mini and mainframe computers • VAX promised to offered all part of its system to customer (software and hardware) • DEC PDP-10 created the first illusion of PC. Its TOPS-10 O/S inspired PC system software • VAX strategy to supply complete system for its customers worked well through the 1980s • DEC and IBM

  7. RISC • CISC – Complex Instruction Set Computer) – computer CPUs of the 70s, 80s, System/390 and Intel X/86 families • RISC – Reduced Instruction Set Computer) – many of today’s CPUs are designed around the RISC architecture • RISC architecture is an attempt to produce more CPU power by simplifying the instruction set of the CPU • RISC was developed at Berkeley in 1980 by a group led by David Patterson • MIPS – another project at Stanford led by John Hennessy

  8. Networking I: Ethernet • Ethernet – networked computers on a local level – department within building • The Ethernet was invented at Xerox-PARC in 1973 by Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs • UNIX – workstations networking • IBM – PC- DOS networking • Networking II: Internet • Computer networking • Internet descended from the ARPANET • Internet uses “packet switching” – where messages (data) are broken into packets of envelope

  9. Networking II: Internet • Networking II: Internet • Internet – message transmission does not require a dedicated connection between computers • Internet is not a single network – it is the connection of many different networks across the globe • Internet networks (some open or closed) • Internet communication over the networks is through the use of TCP/IP • Internet users address (.gov, .edu, .mil, .net, .com, and .org)

  10. Networking III: WWW • World Wide Web • Internet activities were initially on the ARPANET – it enable users to do • Remote log on • Transfer large files (machine to machine) • Send e-mail • Using Telnet and FTP • “Virtual Community” - Internet • BBS – Bulletin-board system • Usenet – UNIX news group • IBM – BITNET - LISTSERV

  11. Gopher, WAIS • Internet • Information library • Gopher was created in 1991 at the University of Minnesota – to allow students and faculty to query campus computers for school information • Gopher menu was based that lead to dead end • WAIS – Wide Area Information Service – developed by Kahle and his colleagues • WAIS allowed users to search the contents of files directly – via index • Indexing programs

  12. World Wide Web, Mosaic • WWW – was invented at CERN by Berners-Lee • Web fundamental concept of information gathering and dissemination is through the use of “hypertext”. Web major goal – as a shared information space for people and machines to communicate • Hypertext pioneer – Vannevar Bush – in 1945 • Doug Engelbart demonstrated the prototype in 1968 • Ted Nelson defined “hypertext” as forms of writing that branch or perform on request – best presented on display screens

  13. World Wide Web, Mosaic • Hypertext pioneer • Apple HyperCard in 1987 • Berners-Lee developed the WEB • Web as a information space for people and machines to communicate • Inclusive • Communication across different computers and software • Lee developed the URL to point to document any where in the universe of information

  14. World Wide Web, Mosaic • Lee developed the HTTP to replace the existing FTP • Lee defined HTML – hypertext markup language to move hypertext across the network • Browser • Mosaic at the University of Illinois • Andreesen and Clark founded Mosaic communication that later became Netscape Communication Corp • Netscape introduce its browser in 1994

  15. Conclusion • STANDARD – • Hardware • Software • People - users

  16. Conclusion • The Digitization of the World Picture • The computer age of transformation (1945 – 1995) • Computer as a fast scientific calculator • Eckert and Mauchly transformed it into UNIVAC –for general data processing • Ken Olsen made it into a real-time information processor • Ed Roberts transformed it into a PC that anyone could own and use • Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak made it useful and fun to work with

  17. Conclusion • Gary Kildall and William Gates transformed it into a standardized platform • Tim Berners-Lee and others turn computer into a window to a global network • Today the world wide web – what will the next transformation be? • The Digitization of the World Picture. • Computer - for our use or use us.

  18. When Things Start to Think • WHAT are things that think? • Books • Musical instruments • Printers • Money • WHY should things think? • Rights and Responsibilities • Computers and people • Intelligence (experience and reasoning) • Use Common sense

  19. When Things Start to Think • HOW to develop things that think? • Build on what we know naturally • Understand, and make it applicable • Study what we know and modify • Work together • THINGS THAT THINK – what they are or what they should be?

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