Shaduf (shadoof) is a machine to move water from a lower place to a higher place.

4. The heart was left inside the body because the Egyptians believed that in the afterlife it would be weighed to see whether the person had led a good life. Why did each jar have a special top? The Canopic Jars were decorated with the heads of the four sons of Horus. Each canopic jar guarded a different organ. 1. Imsety had a human head, protected the liver. 2. Qebehsenuf had the head of a falcon and guarded the intestines. 3. Hapy had a baboon head protected the lungs. 4. Duamatef had the head of a jackal, and guarded the stomach. The four canopic jars were put into a special chest which went into the tomb with the mummy.

7. Shaduf (shadoof) is a machine to move water from a lower place to a higher place.

8. Once the floods receded and the fields dried, the plants would wither and die. The mud that the Nile left behind needed lots of watering in the hot sun. The ancient Egyptians tried to trap as much flood water as possible, so they did not have to constantly get water from the river. They built mud-brick reservoirs to trap and hold the water. They also had a network of irrigation canals that filled with water during the flood and were refilled from the reservoirs. How did they lift water from canals on to the land? To lift the water from the canal they used a shaduf. A shaduf is a large pole balanced on a crossbeam, a rope and bucket on one end and a heavy counter weight at the other. By pulling the rope it lowered the bucket into the canal. The farmer then raised the bucket of water by pulling down on the weight. He then swung the pole around and emptied the bucket onto the field. Once the floods receded and the fields dried, the plants would wither and die. The mud that the Nile left behind needed lots of watering in the hot sun. The ancient Egyptians tried to trap as much flood water as possible, so they did not have to constantly get water from the river. They built mud-brick reservoirs to trap and hold the water. They also had a network of irrigation canals that filled with water during the flood and were refilled from the reservoirs. To lift the water from the canal they used a shaduf. A shaduf is a large pole balanced on a crossbeam, a rope and bucket on one end and a heavy counter weight at the other. By pulling the rope it lowered the bucket into the canal. The farmer then raised the bucket of water by pulling down on the weight. He then swung the pole around and emptied the bucket onto the field.

9. King Menes first pharoah

10. The Ancient Egyptians believed that their Pharaoh was the god Horus, son of Re, the sun god. When a pharaoh died he was believed to be united with the sun and then a new Horus ruled on earth.

11. Cleopatra VII - ascended to the Egyptian throne when she was only 17. She died at the age of 39 and was the last pharaoh. Cleopatra was Greek. She was the last of the Ptolemy dynasty who were of Macedonian (Greece) descent. The demise of the Ptolemies power coincided with the rise of The Roman Empire's power. Having little choice, and seeing city after city falling into Rome's grip, the Ptolemies decided to ally with the Romans, a pact that lasted for 2 centuries. During the reign of the late Ptolemies Rome gained more and more power over Egypt and was even declared guardian of the Ptolemeic dynasty. Cleopatra's father, Ptolemy XII, had to pay tribute to the Romans to keep them away from his kingdom. Upon his death the fall of the dynasty seemed even closer. Cleopatra not only had to contend with the Romans but her her younger brother also wanted the throne. To try and hold power she had a strong friendship with Julius Caesar and with Mark Antony, Roman leaders of invasion armies. Mark Antony's wife Octavia was very angry that her husband had abandoned her so her brother Octavian set off from Rome to defeat Antony and Cleopatra. He did this at Alexandria and Mark Antony, who was dying from his wounds, asked to be taken to Cleopatra. He died in her arms and was buried as a king. Cleopatra was captured and she decided to kill herself. It is said that she used a poisonous snake called an asp. With the death of Cleopatra a whole era in Egyptian history was closed.

12. Under Queen Hatshepsut's chin, there is something representing a beard because Queen Hatshepsut dressed like a man.

15. The Egyptians believed that when they died, they would make a journey to another world where they would lead a new life. They would need all the things they had used when they were alive, so their families would put those things in their graves. Egyptians paid vast amounts of money to have their bodies properly preserved. Egyptians who were poor were buried in the sand whilst the rich ones were buried in a tomb. Ka means 'soul' or 'spirit' Egyptians believed that a person's soul had many parts, and that all people and the parts of their souls were sculpted from clay by the ram-headed god named Khnum. One of these parts was called the ka. The ka wasa person's double, sort of an invisible twin, which supposedly lived in the body until death. It was necessary to prevent the dead body from decaying because the ka still needed it! When the person died, the ka left the body. But if the body was preserved, the ka would return so they could live again. Some tombs included model houses as the ka needed a place to live. Offerings of food and drink would be left at the tomb entrance so the ka could eat and drink. The picture, in the top right hand corner, with two arms reaching for the sky is the sign for the word "ka" in the Egyptian language

16. The heart of the scribe Ani is weighed by Anubis, the jackal-headed god of embalming, c 1275 BC, one of the challenges that a person's spirit faced on the journey to the afterlife in ancient Egypt and featured in the British Museum's main exhibition this autumn. Photograph: British Museum/PA

21. We can learn about how the Egyptians lived by looking at the objects stored in pyramids ready to be used in the afterlife. The Great Pyramid is the largest and most famous of the pyramids. It was built for the Pharaoh Khuf. It is over 140 metres high and took 20 years to build. The Egyptians believed that if the pharaoh's body could be mummified after death the pharaoh would live forever. The tombs were designed to protect the buried Pharaoh's body and his belongings The reason they built the pyramids next to the Nile River was so it would be easier to get the blocks to the pyramid. The stones could be bought nearer to the pyramid building site by boat.

24. Small wooden models of servants were often placed in tombs from the end of the Old Kingdom until the Twelfth Dynasty (that is, between about 2300 and 1800 BC). These represented the household attendants and other servants of the deceased, and were supposed to act as magical substitutes for the persons they represented. Most of the models depict activities connected with the production of food, drink and other basic necessities of life. With a group of these models in his tomb, the dead man was then assured of having everything he might need during the Afterlife.

25. Trades - Craftsmen in ancient Egypt were usually trained and skilled workers. They were often well-respected in the community and had an easy going lifestyle. But every craftsman's lifestyle and social standing depended on the quality of his skills and experience. Most craftsmen worked in workshops with other craftsmen. Objects for temples or the pharaoh were made in temple workshops or palace workshops. Objects for ordinary people were made by local craftsmen in small workshops.

26. One of the keys to unlocking the secrets of ancient Egyptian writing was the 'Rosetta Stone'. The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it. It was created in 196 BC, The Stone is 114.4 centimeters (45 in) high at its tallest point, 72.3 centimeters (28.5 in) wide, and 27.9 centimeters (11 in) thick. It weighs approximately 760 kilograms (1,676 lb), The Rosetta Stone is named after the town it was discovered in, a town called Rosetta, on the Mediterranean coast in Egypt The text is made up of three translations of a single passage, written in two Egyptian language scripts (hieroglyphic and Demotic), and in classical Greek. The Rosetta Stone is thought to have been written by a group of priests in Egypt to honour the Egyptian pharaoh. It lists all of the good things that the pharaoh has done for the priests and the people of Egypt. When it was written, there were three diffent types of writing being used in Egypt. Egyptian writing (demotic) Used by most people in Egypt at that time. Hieroglyphics Used for important and religious documents Greekwriting Used by the rulersThe Rosetta Stone was found in 1799. The Rosetta Stone was found by French soldiers who were rebuilding a fort at Rosetta, a harbour on the Mediterranean coast in Egypt For twenty years scholars tried to decode the slab.

28. Interesting Fact: The Egyptians did not write vowels and did not use any punctuation. What is Egyptian writing called?The Egyptian writing called hieroglyphics used pictures to represent different objects, actions, sound or ideas. There were more than 700 hieroglyphs. Some pictures stood for whole words. What does the word hieroglyph mean? Hieroglyphs is made from two Greek words: hieros meaning holy glyphe meaning writing So hieroglyph means holy writing. How do we know how to read hieroglyphics ? This writing was uncovered by the Rosetta Stone. Hieroglyphics uses small pictures which represent the sound of the object or an idea associated with the object. How do you know which way to read Hieroglyphs? You need to look closely at the hieroglyphs to find out. It depends on which way the people or animals are facing. For example, if an animal hieroglyph faces right, you read from right to left. If it faces left, you read from left to right (the same way that we do). Just to confuse you, sometimes they read Hieroglyphs from top to bottom. What did Ancient Egyptians write on? Hieroglyphs were written on papyrus reed, which is a water or marsh plant, with tall straight hollow stems.The reeds were flattened, dried, and stuck together to make pages. The Egyptians also carved hieroglyphs onto stone and painted them on the walls of the tombs. What did Ancient Egyptians use to write with? Egyptian writing was done with pen and ink on fine paper (papyrus). Egyptian "pens" were thin, sharp reeds, which they would dip in ink to write with. The ink and paint came from plants which they crushed and mixed with water. Where did the Ancient Egyptians use writing? They used writing in a variety of places including in scribe schools, on tomb walls, in fields, in temples, at war and in the government.

32. art