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EHAP REVIEW PT. 3

EHAP REVIEW PT. 3. 18 TH -CENTURY & NAPOLEON. 18 th -cen. Changes. “ Modern world ” : Agricultural Revolution Commercial Rev. Industrial Rev. Political Revs. Enlightenment. Ag. Rev. increased yields due to new tech. Need for LESS peasant ag. labor…cities for jobs New World crops

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EHAP REVIEW PT. 3

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  1. EHAP REVIEWPT. 3 18TH-CENTURY & NAPOLEON

  2. 18th-cen. Changes “Modern world”: • Agricultural Revolution • Commercial Rev. • Industrial Rev. • Political Revs. • Enlightenment

  3. Ag. Rev. • increased yields due to new tech. • Need for LESS peasant ag. labor…cities for jobs • New World crops Effects: • prosperity for estate owners • urbanization • inventions • Enclosure Acts • Corn Laws (protectionist in Eng.) • conflict b/n middle & upper classes…continued exploitation of lower classes

  4. Commercial Rev. • extension of trade routes & growth of towns Changes: • national banks/currencies • insurance houses • stock exchanges • better sailing tech. • removed guild restrictions ***C. & E. Europe impacted less

  5. Dutch Economic Empire

  6. Industrial Rev. • 1750 in Eng. textile industries • urban industrial centers (Manchester) • factory system (new equipment) • reorganized family life • end of cottage-industry & guild system • “putting out” system

  7. Brandenburg-Prussia • Modern Prussia: created in 17th-cen. by Hohenzollern family in N. Ger. • aristocrats, called junkers • Frederick the Great (“enlightened despot”): • encouraged the arts & sciences

  8. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Fred. the Great (Pruss.) disputed succession of Maria Theresa to Austrian throne • Austria allied w/ Eng. against Fr., Sp., & Ger. States • “world war” over colonies & trade • Austrian victory • scared of Prussia: Fr. & Austria ally against Prussia w/ Catherine the Great of Russia

  9. Seven Years War (1756 - 1763) • Fred. the Great (Pruss.) allied w/ Eng. against Fr., Austria, Russia • global conflict over colonies • Prussians/Eng. win • Eng. (under William Pitt) preoccupied w/ N. America (“Fr. & Indian War”) • Treaty of Paris (1763): Eng. supremacy in colonial N. America & India

  10. Russia • Before reign of Peter the Great: Russia was decentralized, weak, & feudal • By 17th-cen., Russia turned westward (decline of Poland & Sweden)

  11. St. Petersburg

  12. Peter the Great Peter’s reign: • Westernize Russia: St. Petersburg as “window to the west” • Russian Orthodox church under his control • state monopolies & national currency • system of “colleges & cabinets” to supervise all of Russia • schools for civil service & military leaders • military service for all land-owners (controlled “boyar” nobles) • cultural changes: banning traditional dress; shaving beards; changing calendar ***MOST RUSSIANS STILL POOR SERFS W/NO RIGHTS!!! The Great Northern War: Russia’s triumph over Sweden

  13. Catherine the Great (Rus.) • 1762-1796: imitated the West • hospitals & schools • active w/ Fr. philosophes (Volatire) • changed unfair civil laws • patron of arts • RUTHLESS • Foreign policy: • “League of Armed Neutrality”: stay out of colonial issues • Austria-Russia Pact: divide Balkans & Ottoman’s lands • 2 wars w/ Ottomans • war w/ Sweden • Partitions of Poland

  14. Poland: • powerless kings (“Exploding Diets”) • by 1600’s: Prussia to west & Russia to the east Ottoman Empire: • took over Byzantines in 1453 • expanded into Europe (Greece & Black Sea) • lost Battle of Vienna (1683) • by 1800’s: called “sick man of Europe”

  15. The Enlightenment • Intellectual movement in late 1700’s & early 1800’s • fostered by scientific revolution • reason, natural laws, & progress • inductive “scientific” method • improve condition of mankind • led by “Philosophes” meeting in “salons”

  16. Enlightenment Ideas • Deism: many philosophes against organized religion • believed God did not interfere in human affairs • did not believe in prayer • Toleration: religious & political • Education: “learning by doing” (Rousseau, Emile) Neo-Classical Art/Arch.: imitate classical Greece & Rome

  17. Enl. Thinkers • Voltaire (Candide): cynical & believed in knowledge through experience; freedom of speech/religion • Rousseau (Social Contract): innate goodness of man • corrupted by civilization • glorified “noble savage” • Govt’s: agents of the people through “contracts” • Montesquieu (The Spirit of the Laws): • no perfect gov’t • separation of powers (3 branches gov’t) • Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan): • pro absolute monarchy

  18. Enlightened Despotism • Ideas of the philosophes popular w/ some rulers: • Catherine the Great of Rus. • Fred. the Great (invited Voltaire to Prussia) • Maria Therese (Austria) • Joseph II • governing in best interests of people…

  19. Critics of Enlight. • David Hume: “empirical” data only truth • Edmund Burke: felt Fr. Rev. too radical..started idea of conservatism • Mary Wollstonecraft: females equal Romanticism: anti neo-classical art/literature • emotion, feeling, nature

  20. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION • Immediate Cause: bankruptcy • extravagance & high costs of wars • called for higher taxes • Political Causes: • corruption • “divine-right” to rule • weak king (Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette) • Economic Causes: • inflation • unfair tax system

  21. Estate System • 1st estate = Clergy (2% of pop) • 2nd estate = Nobility (1%) • 3rd estate = peasants, middle class (97%) • poll tax, income tax, Church tax • corvee “forced” labor • NO weapons • bourgeoisie: commercial middle class (no political power) • cahiers de dolences: leaders of phase 1 of the revolution

  22. Intellectual Causes • ENLIGHTENMENT WRITERS! • Voltaire • Montesquieu • Diderot’s • Rousseau

  23. Phase I • refusal to grant Louis new taxes • Estates-General called together… • 3rd Estate boycotts & forms National Assembly • Tennis Court Oath: create a new constitution for Fr. • July 14, 1789: storming of the Bastille (start of Fr. Rev.) • burn estates of nobles & “Bread Riots” • “March of the Fishwives”: Parisian women marched on Versailles demanding cheaper bread (captured royal family) • Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen • Constitution of 1791 • confiscated Church lands

  24. Declaration of the Rights of Man • Men are born free & equal • Purpose of Gov’t is to protect these rights • Freedom from arbitrary arrest • Freedom of assembly, speech, religion & the press • Major ideas came from philosophes

  25. Phase II (1792-1795): • poorer landless peasants/urban workers dissatisfied • food shortages, inflation, & unemployment Jacobins: ultra-radical party • representing “sans-culottes” • Leaders: Robespierre, Marat • controlled National Assembly at Hotel de Ville Girondists: less radical

  26. The Radical Turn • National Assembly abolished monarchy • a new constitution & gov’t (National Convention) • Nat. Con. declared Fr. a republic • universal male suffrage (only 10% voted) • Convention splits: Jacobins (“Mountain”, led by Robespierre) & Gironde (led by Condorcet) • King Louis XVI: executed in 1793

  27. First Coalition • After execution: Eng., Sp., Neth., Austria, & Prussia united in First Coalition • declared war on Fr. • Spring 1793: Jacobins oust moderate Girondists from Nat. Con.

  28. Why would the French Revolution be seen as a threat to Austria, Prussia and other European countries?

  29. Reign of Terror • Robespierre used foreign threat to establish reign of terror • “Republic of Virtue”; the “Incorruptible” • quell counter-revolution • control moderates in countryside • control economy • help the poor • Committee of Public Safety • Committee of General Security

  30. Effects • 25,000 executed (guillotine) • “levee en masse”: military draft • censorship • price controls (the “Maximum”) • confiscated land • anti-Church • free public educ. & military school • metric System adopted • new calendar… • Roman styles in dress & art; address each other as “citizen”

  31. Thermidorian Reaction: Phase III (1794) • began w/ execution of Robespierre (9th of Thermidor) • bourgeois moderates took control of Convention • Jacobins ousted • eliminated “Maximum” • mob riots White Terror: many emigres moved back as counter-revolutionaries • many Jacobins murdered

  32. Constitution of 1795 (Year III) • middle-class constitution • bill of rights • elections • Separation of Powers: • Council of 500 • Council of Elders • Directory (Napoleon crushes 2 coup d’etat attempts) Problems of the Directory: • still at war w/ Austria & Eng. • independent generals • coup of Fructidor (1797): legislature controlled by army • Napoleonic war in Egypt (loss to Eng. by Lord Nelson) • 2nd Coalition formed

  33. Coup of Brumaire (1799) • Napoleon seizes Directory in a coup • established the Consulate • military dictator: “1st Consul for life” • established a hereditary monarchy • Constitution of 1799: • ALL male citizens could vote for electors

  34. Napoleon’s Rule • dictator, but instituted reforms in gov’t, law, the Church, education, & banking • centralized gov’t: appointed prefects • secret police • censorship • appointed loyal family members & lower class individuals • Concordat of 1801: w/Pope Pius VII, recognized Fr. gov’t & Church lands were returned…but Fr. got to appoint bishops, but had to pay their salaries • Catholicism the “religion of the majority of Frenchmen” 1804: elected Emperor for Life

  35. Napoleonic Code (1804-1810) • created one simplified code of law • spread through conquered areas • guaranteed equality before the law • but torture still permitted… • fathers given dictatorial power over wives/children • provided for marriage & divorce • banned labor unions

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