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Ecology 5.1, G.1, G.2, 5.2, 5.3, G.3 Evolution D.1, 5.4, D.2, 5.5, D.3

Ecology 5.1, G.1, G.2, 5.2, 5.3, G.3 Evolution D.1, 5.4, D.2, 5.5, D.3. Vocab Quiz on Friday, March 22 nd. Species Habitat Community Primary succession Secondary succession Ecosystem Ecology Autotroph Heterotroph. Consumers Detritovores Biomagnification Saprotrophs Trophic level

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Ecology 5.1, G.1, G.2, 5.2, 5.3, G.3 Evolution D.1, 5.4, D.2, 5.5, D.3

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  1. Ecology 5.1, G.1, G.2, 5.2, 5.3, G.3Evolution D.1, 5.4, D.2, 5.5, D.3

  2. Vocab Quiz on Friday, March 22nd • Species • Habitat • Community • Primary succession • Secondary succession • Ecosystem • Ecology • Autotroph • Heterotroph • Consumers • Detritovores • Biomagnification • Saprotrophs • Trophic level • Biomass • Gross production • Net production

  3. Consider a dune community…

  4. G.1 Community EcologyWhat factors affect the distribution of plant and animal species? Plants Animals Temperature Water Soil pH Light Salinity Mineral nutrients Temperature Water Breeding sites Food supply Territory How do living things interact with each other and their environment in this community? Is there a difference in the sizes of the different populations of plants and animals in this community?

  5. These methods of sampling a community are… Quadrat Method Transect Method Divide an area into a grid. Quadrats are chosen at random. Extrapolate the data to draw a conclusion about the entire area. This is also the limitation! Measures in a straight line across a habitat. Useful for identifying changes in a habitat. Limitation: one transect may not cross typical areas for that habitat.

  6. These are ways to measure individual characteristics of parts of a habitat. But, what about when these parts interact? • Every organism occupies its own niche. • Spatial habitat • Feeding activities • Interactions with other species • This is the total requirements for all resources and physical conditions that determine where a species can live. • Fundamental niche (potential given the adaptations) • Realized niche (actual existence due to adaptations and competition with other species)

  7. Competition is just one example of an interaction between two species. • Interactions happen when niches overlap. • You must be able to give two examples of each of the following types of interactions. • Competition • Herbivory • Predation • Parasitism • Mutualism

  8. Think back to your food web that you created. • In a food chain, each organism represents a trophic level. • Red Oat Grass  termites  mongoose  caracal • This is easy. • But when you consider a whole food web, it’s not as easy to classify organisms into trophic levels.

  9. Pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy

  10. Define gross production, net production, and biomass

  11. Gross production – respiration = net production

  12. Ecosystems • How do ecosystems develop? • They are a complex interaction of many different variables, both biotic and abiotic. • How does one start off and develop, though? • Imagine the islands Hawa’ii.

  13. Primary succession

  14. How do species diversity and production change during primary succession? • After species have arisen, in early communities established, some species are out-competed or couldn’t survive in the changing abiotic conditions. • This is caused by the impacts of the establishment of life within the region in which this primary succession is taking place.

  15. How do species diversity and production change during primary succession? • As time passes, species continue to modify their abiotic environment such as: • light intensity (affected by number of organisms and the amount of sun they prevent from reaching the ground) • soil composition (root systems provide the soil with nitrogen and thus the soil becomes more rich over time) • wind (again affected by the number of plants and their size).

  16. How do species diversity and production change during primary succession? • Changing conditions caused by the establishment of earlier communities allow for new species to be established. • The changing abiotic factors change how suitable the environment is for specific species. • It may take centuries for a climax community to be established from bedrock.

  17. Secondary succession

  18. Rainfall and temperature affect the distribution of biomes.

  19. Outline the characteristics of the major biomes. • Rainfall and temperature; plant life • Tundra • Grassland • Shrubland • Tropical rainforest • Desert • Temperate deciduous forest

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