WATER LOGGING & SALINITY CONTROL

1. WATER LOGGING & SALINITY CONTROL

2. Contents • Water logging & its control • Salinity & its control

3. 1-Water Logging & its Control

4. WATER LOGGING & ITS CONTROL • Water Logging: If water table rise to such a level through capillary action to the surface & root zone, that it cannot conveniently permit an anticipated activitythis situation is called WATER LOGGING

6. Causes of Water Logging • Inadequate surface Drainage • Seepage from canal system • Over irrigation of fields • Obstruction of natural drainage • Impermeable clay layer below the soil

7. Continued • Obliteration of natural drainage • Inadequate capacity for arterial drainage • Construction of a water reservoir • Natural obstruction to the flow of ground water

8. Effect of Water Logging • Inhabiting activity of soil bacteria. • Decrease in available capillary water • Fall in soil temperature • Defective air circulation • Rise of salt

9. Continued • Delay in cultivation operations • Growth of flora • Adverse effects on community health • Less availability of oxygen

10. Measures to Control Water Logging • Preventive measures • Curative measures

11. Preventive Measures

12. Providing efficient surface Drainage. • Reducing percolation from canals. • Restriction of irrigation. • Adoption of sprinkler method for irrigation • Removing obstructions in natural drainage. • Changes in crop pattern.

13. Re-modeling of Surface Drains

14. Canal Lining

15. Curative Measures

16. Providing a vertical drainage system

17. Providing a horizontal drainage system

18. TYPICAL LAYOUT OF HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM

19. 2-SALINITY & ITS CONTROL

20. Salinity If the concentration of harmful salts in the root zone of a plant increases to such on extent that plant growth is effected, this situation is called Salinity.

22. Causes of Salinity • The factors contributing towards the problem of salinity are almost same as that of water logging. • Every agricultural soil has certain mineral salt is also called alkali salts in it like NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2 SO4 etc.

23. Continued • When these soluble alkali salts are excess in soil and further ground water table is very near to ground, these salts get mixed with ground water and with upward movement of   waternot only accumulated in first 3~4ft of soil layer below ground surface but also form a tin 2”~3” crust on surface.

25. Effects of Salinity • Corrosive Action to Plants. • Formation of Alkali Soil.

26. Measures To Control Salinity • Preventive Measures • Curative Measures

27. Preventive Measures

28. Preventive Measures • Controlled Irrigation. • Providing adequate surface drainage. • Allowing lower intensity of irrigation. • Reducing surface evaporation. • Not using alkaline water for irrigation purpose.

29. Curative Measures

30. Curative Measures • Treatment by Leaching Process • Chemical Treatment • Treatment by Mulching

31. Treatment by Leaching Process Leaching is the process of extracting minerals from a solid by dissolving them in a liquid, either in nature or through an industrial process. In the chemical processing industry, leaching has a variety of commercial applications, including separation of metal from ore using acid, and sugar from beets using hot water. Step 01. Providing adequate sub surface artificial drainage. Step 02. Leaching salts from the top 3~4ft of soil to ground water table by flooding the land.

32. Step 03. Growing salt resistant crops (e.g. rice) for one or two seasons.

33. Chemical Treatment PRINCIPLE Mixing gypsum CaSO4 (@ 1 ton/acre) with salt effected soil in presence of water. CaSO4+Na2CO3 ---------> Na2So4 +CaO +CO

34. Treatment by Mulching Mulch is simply a protective layer of a material that is spread on top of the soil. Mulches can either be organic -- such as grass clippings, straw, bark chips, and similar materials -- or inorganic -- such as stones, brick chips, and plastic It involves covering the effected land with a covering of soil (Mulch) to reduce evaporation losses.