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The Fukuoka Method case example on Tafaigata Landfill / Samoa

The Fukuoka Method case example on Tafaigata Landfill / Samoa. 12,Dec,2006. Geographical Location of Samoa. Location ： 14°South latitude 、 Climate ： Tropical oceanic climate 、 average temperature 28℃ Population ： 170,000 Land area ： 3,000km 3 ( 5 times bigger than Singapore)

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The Fukuoka Method case example on Tafaigata Landfill / Samoa

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  1. The Fukuoka Method case example on Tafaigata Landfill/ Samoa 12,Dec,2006

  2. Geographical Location of Samoa

  3. Location：14°South latitude、 Climate：Tropical oceanic climate、 average temperature 28℃ Population：170,000 Land area：3,000km3 ( 5 times bigger than Singapore) Main industry：Agriculture（coconuts、cocoa） GNP：\140,000 per capita Independence：German territory、 independent after NZ trusteeship in 1962 Political framework：Limited monarchy Religion：Christianity Language：Samoan, English Independent State of Samoa Ｖａｉａａｔａ SavaiiIs. Ａｐｉａ Ｔａｆａｉｇａｔａ UpoluIs.

  4. Background 1. Landfill structure in most of developing countries are Anaerobic type (Open dump) and generate methane gas (CH4) continuously. 2. Most of developing countries have much precipitation. It makes decomposition slow and lead to Anaerobic condition. 3. About 30% of CH4 has been generated from landfill.

  5. Structure of Fukuoka Method Gas venting pipe ■ Leachate is collected in a leachate collection pond through perforated pipe embedded in graded boulders. ■ As the outlet of main leachate collection pipe is always open to air, fresh air is down into the layers thereby introducing an aerobic condition around the pipes. ■ Since leachate is removed as quick as it is formed, the internal waste layer have lower water contents. Leachate collection pipe

  6. Leachate flow on the bottom of the rubbish layer Longitudinal Angle Perforated Pipe Horizontal Plane Transversal Angle Leachate flows toward less resistance for down the stream. Perforated pipe can discharge leachate immediately.

  7. Rain Anaerobic Landfill structure ( Conventional type ) CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 Landfill Anaerobic Methane Fermentation Leachate 1. Promote Global Warming in generation of Methane Gas (CH4) 2. As rubbish is dipped in leachate, decomposition is slow in anaerobic condition 3. Contaminate underground water

  8. Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Semi-Aerobic Landfill structure ( Fukuoka Method ) Rain Gas Venting Pipe CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 Landfill Aerobic Microbial Degradation Generated heat 50～70℃ End of the Pipe is Always Open to the Air O2 O2 O2 O2 Air Perforated Leachate Collection Pipe Leachate 1. Immediate remove makes leachate clear than anaerobic type 2. Generation of CH4 is small and effective for preventing of Global Warming 3. Fast stabilize and easy maintenance Leachate adjustment pond ↓ Treatment Facility

  9. CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 O2 O2 Leachate O2 O2 Leachate Leachate Leachate Semi-Aerobic Landfill structure ( Fukuoka Method ) Rain Gas Venting Pipe Water Flow Structure Air Flow Cover Soil Waste Aerobic Microbial Degradation Generated heat 50～70℃ End of the Pipe is Always Open to the Air Air Perforated Leachate Collection Pipe Leachate 1. The rain water goes through the waste layer and altered to the leachate by dissolving substances in the waste. 2. The leachate immediately discharged through leachate collection pipes set on the bottom. 　　　　　■ Immediate removal makes leachate clear than anaerobic type as the time of resolution is very short without stagnation which promote purification and offensive odor. 1. Aerobic microbial degradation (fermentation) using organic substances in the waste generates heat of 50℃～７０℃ 2. Fresh air automatically provided from the end of pipe, using effect of convection current generated by fermentation heats ■ Neither blower nor energy supply from outside is required. ■ Generation of CH4 is small and effective for preventing of Global Warming Leachate adjustment pond ↓ Treatment Facility

  10. Merit of Fukuoka Method 1. structure is very simple and low cost available for local materials such as; Bamboo, Waste Drums, Waste Tires, etc. 2. decomposition is fast and sanitary less odor smooth for after land use 3. leachate treatment become easier quick removal of leachate make it clean 4. can rehabilitate existing dumpsite to sanitary landfill

  11. Effects of Fukuoka method on Global Warming 1. Fukuoka Method can transform Methane gas(CH4)to Carbon Dioxide(CO2) 2. CH4 has 21 times higher effect on global warming than CO2 3. Emission of green-house gas from Semi-Aerobic type landfill is 54% smaller than Anaerobic type.

  12. 69 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 Effectiveness of Fukuoka Method - Greenhouse Gas Emissions Aerobic lysimeter CO2 （％） 100 O2 Gas Composition 50 N2 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 CH4 Anaerobic lysimeter （％） 100 CO2 Gas Composition O2 50 N2 0 CH4 Expiration month ● Main gases released from landfill site … CO2, methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc. ● Gas composition … Depends on waste decomposition mechanism of site.

  13. Change of Gas Emission Semi-Aerobic type ・Decomposition begins at the early stage and peak of decomposition is 3 years after. ・After 3 years decomposition gradually converge Anaerobic type ・Decomposition begingradually and peak is 5 years after, then decomposition gradually converge ・Amount of CH4 generation is large.

  14. Effectiveness of Fukuoka Method - Leachate Treatment-

  15. Tafaigata Landfill Site Office Medical Waste incinerator Landfill Area Recycle Area Sludge Disposal Area

  16. Aerial shot in Nov 2002

  17. Aerial shot in Feb 2003

  18. Leachate Collection Pond leachate collection pipe gas venting facility leachate flow Leachate/Gas Facility

  19. Embankment using existing waste

  20. Perforated Leachate Collection Pipe on the slightly inclined base Perforated Gas Venting Pipe

  21. Leachate Collection Pond

  22. Aerial View Leachate Collection Pond Leachate Collection Pipe April, 2005

  23. What is leachate? ・Leachate is the waste water that leaks out of rubbish. ・It is highly nutritious and easily decay. ・It also contains various substances such as chemicals, heavy metals which affect on our health and environment.

  24. Why the leachate should be treated? ・In a landfill it is one of the most important factors to take into consideration as it influences the surrounding environment. ・The decaying organic waste uses up all the oxygen and the leachate turns septic.Not only does it smell horrible, it can suffocate the fish and plants in the streamsand contaminate underground water． ・Under ground water may be used for drinking water. ・The leachate end up contaminate surrounding environment.

  25. Leachate Treatment Facility

  26. Aerial view Trickling filter Filter Pump Gravel-bed channel Compact wetland Collection pond Biotope

  27. Trickling Filter Circulation Line ② Aeration V1 Ｐ V2 Leachate Collection Pipe (Existing) Discharge Line Leachate Collection Pond (Existing) ④Filter using Coral Sand (and Activated Carbon) ③1st Gravel-bed Channel /Contact aeration process Water Fall / Aeration ⑤Compact Wet Land ⑥Biotope Surface Water Reservoir Reed ③2nd Gravel-bed Channel /Contact aeration process Evaporation Liner Permeate into ground Leachate Treatment ① Circulation

  28. Vertical plan

  29. Concept for Leachate treatment facilities at Tafaigata landfill Planned for sustainability by local people 　　１．Cost curtailment on construction 　　　　　　　　・　Construction using civil engineering technique （Tanks、minimum use of pipes) 　　２． Cost curtailment on maintenance 　　　　　　　　・　Minimize of energy consuming machine 　　　　　　　　・　Transport using gravity 　　　　　　　　・　Natural cleansing effect 　　３．Low technique 　　　　　　　　・　Manual control by operator 　　　　　　　　・　Laborsaving for training of engineers 　　４．Adoption of local materials and natural cleansing effect 　　　　　　　　・　Lava、Coconut husk、Coral、Aquatic vegetations

  30. Natural Cleansing Effect In the river wastewater is clarified at downstream by microbial degradation and absorption by plants. We adopt natural cleansing effect for leachate treatment because: 1. simple 2. low cost especially running cost 3. easy maintenance

  31. Biological Treatment In the natural system, bacteria and microbe decompose organic matters into clean carbon-dioxide and water. And multiplies themselves. vorticella Natural Cleansing Mechanism OrganicCompounds Discharge CO2 and H2O and multiplies Bacteria eats organic compounds

  32. Outline of facilities ■Disposal capacity：７０ｍ３/day ■　Control method：Manual control by operator in checking with water level ■Treating method Circulation line：Aeration、Trickling filter Discharge line：Gravel-bed channel、Filter、Compact wetland ■Energy：　Electric power、Pump（１．１ｋｗ×２sets）、 Aerator（０．４ｋｗ）　　　 Total１．５ｋｗ ■　Cost for construction：　￥7,400,000 ■　Duration of construction：　June-December/2005

  33. Circulation column with trickling filter 【Function】 ・　A leachate treatment system through a trickling filter back down to the leachate collection pipe. Trickling filters are an aerobic treatment system that exploit micro-organisms growing on the rocks exposed to air, these aerobic bacteria metabolize organic matter from waste water. 【Features】 ・　Main system in the facility. Organic substances shall be treated. ・　Porous rocks (15cm) are stuffed in the mass of Ｌ×Ｗ×Ｈ ： ３ｍ×３ｍ×３ｍ　 【Effect】 ・　Most of organic and nitrogen components are removed. Trickling Filter

  34. Circulation treatmentusing Trickling Filter from Leachate Collection Pond to Leachate Collection Pond Top View Trickling Filter CirculationTreatment Trickling Filter Circulation Pipe Ｐ Rubbish Layer Microbial Degradation Leachate Collection Pipe Cross Cutting

  35. Making of trickling filter

  36. Aeration Provide oxygen to the Micro Organism and promote microbial degradation ・　Aerator for fish culture 　　３φ, 2.2A/200V, 0.4 kw 　　Ｃｏｓｔ：　￥155,000 【Side Effect】 ・　Sharp decrease of mosquito larvae by water flow.

  37. Gravel-bed Channel Micro Organism attached to rocks decompose organic substances

  38. Gravel-bed channel-１

  39. Gravel-bed channel-２

  40. Modification of Leachate after 1 month operation 3/Oct/2005 5/Nov/2005 Leachate is modified by circulation treatment.

  41. Filtration Using local materials for filter i.e. Coral tip, Coconut husk activated carbon. Water fall is set at in-flow for aeration again.

  42. Filter bed

  43. Compact wetland Using indigenous aquatic vegetation i.e. reed, sedge etc. for absorption of Nitrogen and Phosphorus.

  44. Reed and Cyprus Cyprus

  45. Liner work ・ High Density Poly Ethylene 1.5mm ・ A specialist for liner work came from NZ ・ Welding method tear

  46. Biotope ・　Biotope is eco system around the area ・　Using Biotope as a simple measurement of treated water, if plants or fish die treatment is not enough ・ It was difficult to explain a concept of Biotope to the people who lives in nature.

  47. Pipe works Pipe：ＰＶＣ Pump：1φ1.1kw×２、for sewage、 With Idle running protection Head：９ ｍ

  48. Electric works ・ Based on NZ and Australian standard ・ Manual operation with checking water level.

  49. Protection fence against dogs Dogs can not get out of pond if they fall because liner is so slippery and finally be drawn.

  50. Segregation of surface water Surface (rain) water shall be removed to reduce the volume of leachate, as it has no need to treat.

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