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Unit 2 revision

Unit 2 revision. X 6 topics: Population dynamics Consuming resources Globalisation Development Changing economy of UK Challenges of a rural world. World population growth. DTM – page 140-141 , 49. Exam Questions. State three main features of stage 2 of the DTM (3marks)

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Unit 2 revision

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  1. Unit 2 revision X 6 topics: Population dynamics Consuming resources Globalisation Development Changing economy of UK Challenges of a rural world

  2. World population growth

  3. DTM – page 140-141, 49

  4. Exam Questions • State three main features of stage 2 of the DTM (3marks) • Explain why birth rate of world population has fallen (4marks) • Explain why population has changed from stage 1 to 4 of the demographic transition model (6marks)

  5. Population Pyramids • Which is a youthful population? • Which is an ageing population? • Give examples of countries that have these populations. • Name some characteristics for each type of population

  6. Population: Ageing and Youthful population page 143, 51 Youthful – a high proportion of people aged under 16 – Uganda is an example Ageing (or greying) – a high proportion of people aged over 65. the UK has an ageing population • Impacts: • Not enough working population to look after older people in care homes • More money needed to pay out state pensions from taxes • more research into older person diseases such as dementia needed • Impacts: • Population grows meaning a need for more resources such as food or housing • More money needed for / jobs required in nurseries or schools or child care

  7. Population: Over and Under Population page 144, 52 • Overpopulation: Too many people that can be supported by resources • Under population: more resources than people

  8. No food: starvation, malnutrition Shortages of housing, school places Exam question: Outline two examples of problems which may happen is a county’s population is not sustainable (4marks) Unemployment: poverty Problems of over population Overcrowding: poor living conditions e.g. slums

  9. Tasks • Choose either, ageing, youthful, over or under population. Write two sentences about it without mentioning the name. • Others have to guess what you are describing Exam questions: • Describe the problems linked to ageing populations (4marks) • Describe a problem of having an under population (2marks)

  10. Anti-natalist • Why? • Rapid population growth led to a series of famines in the mid-20th century. • What is it? • Encourages couple to have one child and penalise that who have more. • How does it work? • Incentive for one child – cash bonuses, good childcare • Young people persuaded to delay marriage • Easy access to contraception • Successful? • Birth rate has dropped and so has population growth. • Policy been relaxed since 1996. • Consequences? • More boys than girls across the population • Ageing population China One Child Policy

  11. Singapore have 3 or more Pro-natalist Why? • Policy of reducing population in 1960 was so successful that it led to a decline What is it? • Offers incentives for couples who have lots of children. How does it work? • Incentives – tax rebates, cheap nursery, best schools • Work along side immigration policy Successful? • Yes, birth rate has increased and helped increase population

  12. Tasks: • Make a table with two columns, one named China and one Singapore • Sort the following statements into china or Singapore’s policy? Problems: only children became spoil and fat. They were known as “Little Emperors” Problems: people struggle to afford to have more children and their quality of life decreases Pro -natalist Anti - natalist “One child” policy “Have 3 or more” policy Enforced by benefits for mothers with one child, longer maternity leave for first child Enforced by cheaper nurseries to encourage more children, cheap spacious housing. Families wanted a boy to carry on their family name, so many girls end up dumped in orphanages Challenge: Which do you agree with? Why?

  13. Migration polices Migration policies • Open door policy – when country is under populated, allows anyone into country. Often needed to fill jobs or skill shortages. UK had this before 1970’s and attracted migrants from Caribbean. Currently the Uk has this policy for migrants from countries within EU • Close the door policy: borders are closed because country is over populated. Only certain amount of people may be allowed e.g. with correct skills via a skills test (Australia)

  14. Impacts of migration Below are a few. Decide if they are positive or negative and if they affect host or source country: • Brain drain – young skilled migrants move leaving nobody to care for older migrants • Immigrants give people cultural experiences that they may never experience e.g. different foods or traditions • Money can be sent home to look after poor families • Pressures on schools, housing, healthcare and language barriers • Racial discrimination and crime

  15. Exam Questions • Describe how a country can manage its under population using migration (4marks) Describe open door policy and if you can give place names/ dates • Explain the impacts of migration on a named country (6marks) Choose 3 impacts and explain with knock on effect Choose either UK (Host country) or Poland (Source country)

  16. Types of resources

  17. Variations in supply and demand of Oil Demand: USA due to poor public transport and isolation so reliance on cars, hot climate so reliance on air conditioning. Developing countries such as Uganda do not rely on oil as cook with wood Supply: Saudi Arabia- huge oil fields and well developed to exploit it

  18. Topic 2: Consuming Resources – page 160, • Variations in supply and demand of renewable energy resource: Solar Power Supplied in: • Sahara desert – Why? Large quantities of undisturbed solar heat, it is clean and sustainable. • European countries also starting to develop it e.g. in UK, Germany, Spain. – problem for future: solar heat isn’t always reliable in these countries Demand/ Consumption: Due to rise in greenhouse gasses and depletion of fossil fuels there is a global need to develop more sustainable ways of harvesting energy and electricity. Problem for the future: can be quite expensive

  19. Exam question • Explain the reasons for variations in the global supply and consumption of a renewable energy resource (4marks)

  20. Consumption Theories page 161-162, 58 • Study the image for 3 minutes. • Remember as much as you can. • Cover up and try to answer the questions

  21. MALTHUS BOSERUP We’re all going to die!! Boserup’s basic theory 1965 “An essay on the principle of population” - Published 1798 Don’t be so dramatic old man!! Way to remember: Morbid Mathus Brilliant Boserup Natural checks control population growth Necessity is the mother of invention

  22. Management of Resources • Recycling: local scale: coloured bins to encourage recycling in households. • Conservation: protecting natural world through national parks. Also resource management by government e.g fishing and timber quotas and offering solar power incentives.

  23. How can technology save the day? • Hydrogen economy: cars run by water. • Solar panels • Wind turbines

  24. Exam Question • Foundation Give one way we could become more sustainable and explain how it will help to reduce resource use. (3 marks) • Higher Explain how education, recycling and conservation can help us to become more sustainable ( 6 marks) (2 marks for each. You need to say what it is and explain the link between it and reducing resource use (being sustainable) e.g. Education is about changing peoples attitudes to longer term outcomes, it can help us to be more sustainable by teaching people how to ration the use of non-renewable resources.

  25. Topic 3: Globalisation – Clark Fisher model page 169, 61 1. What has happened to each employment through the years? 2. Why have they changed? Exam question Describe the changes in employment that takes place as a country develops (4marks)

  26. Employment sectors for MIC, HIC, LIC page 170-171, 62 Ethiopia • Mainly primary industry • Subsistence farming • Long hours, little pay, hard physical work • Small Tertiary e.g. tourism • Large primary, secondary and tertiary • Secondary makes most money but long hours, difficult conditions, better wages than in farming • Tertiary - better working conditions

  27. UK • Small primary as machines do farming • Small secondary as factories relocated • Large tertiary: • Working conditions and pay are good Describe working conditions in middle income countries (4marks) Compare the importance of the primary employment sector to countries at different stages of development (4marks)

  28. Sort the jobs and conditions into the correct type of country Developing - Ethiopia NIC - China Developed - UK Jobs in factories producing goods Lack of health and safety conditions in factories, long hours 75% work in primary sector Holidays, minimum wage, shorter hours with breaks Jobs such as nurses, barmen, teachers, hairdresser, some builders and factories Jobs such as farming and mining Low pay, long hours, no holiday pay Work in secondary sector Work in tertiary and quaternary sector Many jobs are in Infomal sector

  29. Global institutions The World Trade Organization (WTO):deals with the rules of trade between countries. Its main job is to make sure that trade flows as freely as possible. They are often called in to deal with arguments between countries over trade. Their goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business without exploitation. World Bank : The World Bank provides loans to developing countries for any project which will make money. Its official goal is the reduction of poverty, with all its decisions being guided through a commitment to the promotion of foreign investment and international trade. United Nations: Through UN efforts, governments from around the world have made agreements that make the world a safer, healthier place with greater opportunity and justice for all of us. They help make international law, including human rights law, and this is one of the UN's great achievements. It has close links with UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF, FAO

  30. Quick questions: • Name the organisations which deal with trade and how they help? • Which institutions help developing countries with financial issues? • How can these institutions help with financial issues? • Describe the role of the United Nations in helping countries during times of conflict.

  31. Impacts of global economy There have been two main global changes (affecting everywhere) • A rise in the number of women in employment • A slow improvement in working conditions and pay Task: Sort the following into impacts affected in developed and developing world and if they are positive or negative. • Continuing of child labour and worker exploitation • More teleworking and self employment • Reskilling of workers in secondary sector as jobs such as farming have declined • Big informal sector which is not protected by health and safety laws. • Flexible working hours, part time work for women • All people have developed more skills.

  32. Exam Questions • Higher: Evaluate the impact of globalisation on different groups of people (6marks) Think of women, children in developing world, farmers in developed world For each one, say what has happened to them because of globalisation and expand with knock on effect E.g. In developed countries, there is a rise of women now able to work in part time or flexible hour jobs. This is good because they are able to manage work around looking after their familyandstill earn money to have a good quality of life. • Foundation: Explain the impacts of globalisation (4marks) Chose two impacts (one developed and one developing). Say what the impact is and expand with knock on effect

  33. Foreign Direct investment (page 176, 64) – a company in country sends money into another country to set up more business The main motive of FDI is profit making Other motive include: to find food, minerals, cheap labour FDI happens between Developed and developing but also just between developed and developed • Why can this happen? • improvements in ICT enables it to happen • Governments send money too – Aid. This is called multi-lateral. Case study: Why is china investing in Africa? China is investing in search for raw materials and building infrastructure to export these. Problem: money goes to chinese business, African government and not local people. Local people do not even get jobs there.

  34. TNC’s • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyJ23a7_fvQ • What are the pros and cons of TNC’s? Tesco Headquarters: UK Shops: (tertiary sector) 6000 stores in 14 countries such as Hungary, Poland, Thailand, Taiwan. 60% of profits come from Asia Outsourcing: its gets its foodstuffs, clothing and other goods directly from producers in UK and also Kenya, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh – this has created jobs in many developing countries Outsourcing: means sub-contracting its business to another company. In other words Tesco gets its products from other businesses around the world. Nike Headquarters: Santa Monica USA Shops: (tertiary sector) 700 shops around the world in 45 countries including UK. Factories (Secondary sector): Indonesia, China, India. – Why? As labour is cheaper and environmental laws are relaxed Production and market are global

  35. What is development?/ development gap

  36. Topic 4: Development indicators page 184-185, 67 – match each one • GDP: Gross domestic product per capita • Human development index • Political freedom • Corruption perception index • Looks at corruption within a government. When a country is truly developing governments will be working very well, if not they will be corrupt. • The money made within a country each year divided by each person living there. • Considers income, education and life expectancy and gives a score between 0-1. • 7 different measures on political rights e.g. elections, freedom of speech and civil rights.

  37. For each of the indicators, you need to know the benefits and problems. E.g. HDI is good because it doesn’t just look at wealth of a country but it doesn’t consider environmental problems a country may face and differences between rich and poor.

  38. Sub- saharan African Country: Tanzania Barriers to development: Corruption Lack of equality Drought HIV/Aids (1.4 m) High fertility rates Global oil and food prices How has it developed? • Economic development is very slow due to several barriers • 34% of the population are under the basic poverty level. • Was a British colony between 1885-1961 • Started to develop based on exporting raw materials • However this did not develop the country fast enough • IMF (International monetary fund) gave Tanzania steady money flows to boost growth but this made Tanzania reliant on foreign aid and they couldn’t develop for themselves. • The main employment sector in Tanzania is the primary sector through farming the land and exporting these products. • Tanzania’s “Development Vision” was started in 2005 and will last until 2015. It consists of changing the economic and government structures by investing more into infrastructure (eg. 2200km of surfaced roads and new bridges) and trying to reduce poverty

  39. Development theories page 191-192, 70 A country develops as income rises • Summarise each step into one point and write onto a post it note • Think of a place in the room to put the post it note. Explain why to your partner e.g. Drive to maturity is on the laptop as its about new ideas and new technology spreading.

  40. Dependency theory • Poorer countries cannot develop as they are dependent on other richer countries. • Richer countries impose trade barriers or exploit poorer countries and if so this means the poorer country will stay poor • Problems: outdated from 1950’s. some countries e.g. china are not dependent. • Doesn’t take into account other factors such as natural disasters

  41. Exam questions • Explain how Rostow’s theory can help in the understanding of how countries develop (6marks) • Outline what it is • Pick 2/3 of the stages and explain what they are. Link each stage back to development. – how does the country develop in each stage?

  42. Regional disparity: Brazil Why is there differences?

  43. Development Projects page 196-201, 72 • Bottom up development: Micro- hydro Dams in Peru/ Intermediate technology in Tanzania • Top down development: Santo Antonio Dam in Amazon (Madeira River)

  44. Top down scheme – Santo Antonio Dam: • Background: On Madeira River in Amazon: 4 dams, 3 highways and electricity lines Task: For each impact decide if it is positive or negative and if it affects local people or government • An increase in malaria is likely because of an increase in water in area • Waterway for barges means transporting of timber and raw materials for export is easier • It is very costly - $22billion • 3000 people are forced to leave their homes and some towns have disappeared. • 20000 jobs are created • Social support schemes are put into place to help rural communities • 2400 fishermen may loose jobs

  45. Topic 5: Changing economy of UK: Primary Sector page 204 • How and why has the sector changed? Farming: Decline in employment 690000 people in 1990 to 499000 in 2009. increased in farm sizes and use of fertilizers. Mechanisation meaning people were not needed for jobs Mining/Quarrying: Decline in number of quarries and employment. 2000 - 1700 quarries, 2011- 1000 quarries Minerals have ran out Increased costs for preventing environmental damage Cheaper to import from aboard

  46. Secondary sector, page 206 • How and why has the sector changed? Ship building: Decline in employed and numbers of ships built. 1913- 59% ships, 2011 – 0.3% ships. World demand for ships have fallen UK failed to deliver on time Competition from abroad: Japan and South Korea Vehicle industry: Growth in industry but many UK firms now owned by foreign firms e.g. Nissan, Toyata. Invested in new technology. Established reputation for reliability and quality. Tax breaks for foreign firms to locate in UK

  47. Tertiary and Quaternary sector page 208 • How and why has the sector changed? Tertiary: Rise from 1970 in banking, finance, education, health and hotels and finance Quaternary: Rise from 1990 in IT and pharmaceuticals Rising living standards and more disposable income Increased competition in retailing (Asda, Tesco) Impacts of globalisation

  48. Tasks: Decide if the answer is primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary. There may be more than one answer. • There has been a rise in the industry • The industry has fell • There has been a rise specially after 1990 • Different changes depending in which part of the sector. • Increased mechanisation is the reason for change • Disposable income is the reason fro change • Competition from abroad if reason for change • Tax breaks is reason for change Exam questions: Suggest reasons for the decline in the number of coal miners in the UK (4marks) Describe changes in the primary and secondary sectors of the UK (4marks) Describe and explain changes in the tertiary and quaternary sectors of the UK (4marks)

  49. Exam question • H: For contrasting areas of the UK that you have studied, explain the difference in their industrial structure and work force. (8 marks). • Difference in type of industry for both • Explain why there are differences • Difference in workforce (unemployment, type of jobs – skilled/unskilled/executive) • Explain why • F: Describe the main changes in employment in one UK region (4marks) • Choose either NE or SE and describe what has happened to the sectors • You do not have to explain with reasons.

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