Eshiamwata, G.W, Buchanan, G., Mulaku, G.C., Kiema, J.B.K SCGIS Scholar, 2007

1. Monitoring  Important Bird Areas in Africa: The use of GIS and Remote Sensing to complement ground-based methods Eshiamwata, G.W, Buchanan, G., Mulaku, G.C., Kiema, J.B.K SCGIS Scholar, 2007

2. An Overview • Africa: Facts, figures & avifauna • Important Bird Areas (IBAs) • Land cover/use changes at IBAs in Africa • Monitoring • GIS, Remote sensing and IBA monitoring • Land cover/use change analysis at Kakamega, South Nandi and North Nandi forest IBAs

3. Africa • Area: 30.3m. sq km, • Africa is the world's second largest continent after Asia • Population: c. 888 million people (13% of world’s population)(2005 UN) • Poverty levels:over 45% living in extreme poverty • High species diversity and endemism

4. Africa & Bird diversity Africa consists of: • 2,313 (23%) of the world’s 9,917 bird species • 1,400 endemic species • 234 Globally threatened species

5. Avian diversity

6. Avian diversity

7. Congregations of waterbirds

8. Bird diversity in Africa

9. Setting conservation priorities • Biodiversity • not uniformly spread across the globe • resources for biodiversity conservation are limited & unevenly distributed too. • The need to prioritize where conservation action should start

10. What are Important Bird Areas (IBAs)? • Places of international significance for birds and other biodiversity • Network of sites critical for bird conservation • Practical tools for conservation – discrete manageable sites IBAs of global significance have been identified based on criteria: • Species of global conservation concern • Assemblage of restricted-range species • Assemblage of biome-restricted species • Congregations BirdLife International focuses its conservation efforts at IBAs

11. The global network of IBAs identified to date Areas of the world where the process of IBA identification is still in progress

12. Identifying & Protecting IBA Sites in Africa • 1, 230 IBA sites in 54 countries within Africa and its associated island have been identified

13. Biodiversity: land use/cover changes at IBAs Deforestation & habitat fragmentation 5.8+/- 1.4 million ha. of humid tropical forest lost each year between 1990 & 1997 with a further 2.3+/-0.7 million ha of forest degraded • Deforestation for timber, forest clearance for fuel wood (& charcoal) extraction & for commercial plantations (e.g. Oil palm) affect IBAs

14. Biodiversity: land use/cover changes at IBAs Expansion and intensification of agriculture Expanding agriculture destroys more habitat than any other factor Agricultural land has expanded six-fold since 1700 (FAO, 2001)

15. Biodiversity: land use/cover changes Fires Alien invasive species (water hyacinth, Prosopis sp Desertification

16. Biodiversity: land use/cover changes at IBAs There is an emerging urgent need to MONITOR change and keep track of trends in biodiversity

17. IBA monitoring • Tell how we are doing at local, national & regional levels (Performance or audit function) : • species of interest, key sites, national IBA network • Determine where action is needed • Threats increasing, threats addressed, which actor to target • Contribute towards global targets (CBD 2010 targets, MDGs, • Assessing effectiveness of policy /legislation • Detecting incipient change

18. IBA Monitoring Framework Pressure State Response. • Identify need for intervention • overview of threats across habitats, countries & regions • Magnitude of investment • Gaps for interventions • Status of biodiversity, • Conditions that maintain it.

19. A typical IBA monitoring process involves • Research • Data Management • Information & Analysis • Action

20. Ground-based IBA Monitoring IBA caretakers and Site Support Groups • 140 Site Support Groups have been established to contribute to the management and monitoring of at least 150 IBAs

21. GIS & Remote sensing in IBA monitoring? • Image processing & change detection analyses • Can use time-series satellite data to detect & assess spatio-temporal changes • Very useful approach in land use/cover change analysis such as monitoring deforestation/regeneration at IBAs • Species can be mapped and changes at IBAs correlated with species abundance, distribution To focus on 60 IBAs in Africa to demonstrate the potential of these techniques in IBA monitoring

22. Kakamega, North and South Nandi IBAs Location

23. Changes at Kakamega forest, North Nandi & South Nandi IBAs, Kenya 1973 1986

24. Changes at Kakamega forest, North & South Nandi IBAs, Kenya 2001 1986

25. Changes at Kakamega forest, North Nandi & South Nandi IBAs, Kenya Causes of land use land cover changes Agricultural encroachment/intensification/expansion Deforestation Charcoal burning Grazing Illegal logging

26. The 3 IBAs have a total of over 28 Globally & Regionally threatened species • Sites have over 400 bird species • including a number of rare species • 254 bird species are forest dependent Impact on bird species • the occurrence & distribution of certain ‘trigger’ bird species is likely to be affected by land use/cover changes especially forest dependent species

27. Impact on bird species VU

28. Impact on bird species

29. Monitoring IBAs using GIS & remote sensing Way forward Subsequent work to investigate whether • Land use/cover change is significantly higher at IBAs sites surrounded by densely populated areas • Protected Areas are more intact than unprotected areas • Sites where past conservation efforts been invested better of • The severity of fire damage at IBAs • if agricultural conversion & human encroachment at IBAs is preceded by fires • Correlate land cover changes and bird distribution

30. Reflections …those of us who understand the complex concept of the environment have the burden to act. We must not tire, we must not give up, we must persist…

31. Acknowledgements Africa Partnership Secretariat, Nairobi Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, UK University of Nairobi, Kenya Global Vegetation Monitoring Unit, Ispira, Italy george.eshiamwata@birdlife.or.ke, visit: www.birdlife.org/Africa