Lecture 5

1. Lecture 5 Hist 111 American Civilization II Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University

2. Lecture 5 Foreign Expansion: American Foreign Policy, 1776-1867 • U.S. was a weak nation on international scene for most of 19th century. • It had a small army whose primary mission was Indian fighting • Navy: sent all over the globe, but also small • Washington’s Farewell Address (1797): advised U.S. to avoid “entangling alliances” • Monroe Doctrine (1823): U.S. opposed further colonization in the Americas • Latin America: Pre-Civil War • Mexican War (1846-48): U.S. defeats Mexico, takes half of its territory • Ostend Manifesto (1854): U.S. diplomats maneuver to seize Cuba from Spain--unsuccessfully • Filibustering (1850s): private armies from the U.S. try to seize land in Latin America—William Walker succeeded for a time in Nicaragua George Washington c. 1796 John Quincy Adams: architect of the Monroe Doctrine

3. Lecture 5Foreign Expansion: U.S. in Latin America, Post-Civil War • President Grant in 1870 tried to annex what is today the Dominican Republic—failed • U.S. Senate refused to ratify treaty of annexation • Signaled an initial reluctance after Civil War to expand U.S. influence overseas • Also evidence of racism—many people on Santo Domingo had African ancestry and Congress did not want to give them access to the U.S. • U.S. backed Venezuela in a border dispute with British Guiana (1895) • Example of “Twisting the Lion’s Tail”—Democrats irritating the British to please anti-British voters in the U.S., especially the Irish • British didn’t want war with the U.S. over the border dispute and agreed to arbitration to settle the matter Senator Daniel Vorhees “Twists the Lion’s Tail” Harper’s Weekly, 29 April 1882

4. Lecture 5 Foreign Expansion: The Spanish-American War • A turning point for the U.S. foreign policy • Turned the United States toward foreign expansion and a greater international role • The U.S. went to war with the Spanish to free Cuba, avenge the destruction of USS Maine, and satisfy American honor over the insults to President McKinley in DeLome Letter • “A Splendid Little War”: lasted only four months • U.S. invaded and conquered Cuba • U.S. seized Spanish possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific • U.S. acquired a colonial empire in peace treaty • Teller Amendment (1898) • Platt Amendment (1902) William Randolph Hearst Used his newspaper chain to foment war with Spain in order to increase circulation

5. Lecture 5Foreign Expansion: U.S. in Latin America, Post-1898 • Panama Canal (1903) • U.S. wanted to build transithmus canal in Panama • When Colombian Senate refused to accept treaty, TR fomented revolt in Panama • Roosevelt Corollary (1904): if American nations did not keep their finances in order to prevent foreign intervention, the U.S. would do it for them • Dollar Diplomacy • Pres. Taft used private U.S. credit as source of leverage over Latin America • Pancho Villa’s raid on Columbus, New Mexico (March 1916) • Response showed limits of U.S. power in Latin America • U.S. expedition into Mexico failed to capture Villa • U.S. could not impose its will in the Mexican Civil War Cartoon celebrating the U.S. as the protector of Latin America from European imperialism (c. 1896

6. Lecture 5 Foreign Expansion: The U.S. and China • U.S. interest prompted by desire to acquire Chinese trade goods: tea, porcelain, etc. • American missionaries also wanted to convert Chinese to Christianity • “Spheres of Influence” • U.S. forced to compete for influence in China with other nations who held monopolies in Chinese ports they controlled • Open Door Notes (1899): U.S. proposed opening all Chinese ports to all nations—but was rebuffed • U.S. offered China some protection from being dismembered • Boxer Rebellion (1900) • U.S. helped other foreign powers crush anti-foreign uprising by the “Fists of Righteous Harmony” better known in the West as the Boxers Cartoon celebrating U.S. participation in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion

7. Lecture 5Foreign Expansion: The U.S. and Hawaii • U.S. enjoyed more exclusive influence in Hawaii, although the British and the French also were interested • Initial contact with the U.S. came in 1820s with the arrival of New England missionaries • U.S. pineapple and sugar planters later established operations, using mostly Asian immigrants as their labor force • Hawaii remained an independent kingdom, although native Hawaiians in decline due to foreign diseases • Queen Liliuokalani: • Promised “Hawaii for the Hawaiians” • Deposed in 1893 in coup organized by planters • Grover Cleveland declined appeal for annexation • Hawaii finally annexed to U.S. in 1898 Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii’s last monarch

8. Lecture 5Foreign Expansion: U.S. and the Philippines • War with Spain brought U.S. to the Philippines Islands • Filipinos hoped U.S. would grant them independence as the they had fighting a guerilla war for independence against Spain for over a decade • “Philippine Insurrection” • U.S. fought from 1899 to 1903 to impose its authority in an often brutal campaign • 126,500 U.S. troops used—both regulars, national guard, and volunteers • U.S. lost 4,324 soldiers in the pacification campaign • About 18,000 Filipino combatants killed • About 200,000 civilians died of famine and disease • This war is now largely forgotten in U.S. U.S. troops execute a Filipino rebel leader San Fernando, Pampanga