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Tolerance Species Niche Producer Heterotroph Scavenger Carnivore

Tolerance Species Niche Producer Heterotroph Scavenger Carnivore. Transect Autotroph Sample Population Biotic Interspecific competition omnivore. DO NOW!!. What is acclimation? Describe Liebigs law. Ecology 2.5. Populations . Things we will cover. What is a population

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Tolerance Species Niche Producer Heterotroph Scavenger Carnivore

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  1. Tolerance • Species • Niche • Producer • Heterotroph • Scavenger • Carnivore 12Bio 2010

  2. Transect • Autotroph • Sample • Population • Biotic • Interspecific competition • omnivore 12Bio 2010

  3. DO NOW!! • What is acclimation? • Describe Liebigs law 12Bio 2010

  4. Ecology 2.5 Populations 12Bio 2010

  5. Things we will cover... • What is a population • How to measure a population • Characteristics of populations • Population growth curves • Regulation of a population 12Bio 2010

  6. Population... • Is a group of individuals of the SAME species living in one area at a one particular time • Can be big (rainbow trout in Taupo) or small (kiwi on Stewart Island) 12Bio 2010

  7. How would you..…? 12Bio 2010

  8. Sampling!! • Why sample?? • Practicalities (time, cost, environment, types of animal) • Samples need to be representative of the whole population (stats!!) • Number of samples and position of samples (random sampling vs systematic 12Bio 2010

  9. How many samples? • Investigation using Life Study text • Pg. 37 • Draw table 12Bio 2010

  10. Field study methods • Provide estimates of populations • Method is determined by the organism being studied and the aim of the work • Most common methods include: point sampling, transect sampling, quadrat sampling and “mark and recapture” 12Bio 2010

  11. DO NOW!!! • Define population • Name four modes of life • Refresh your memory of the mark and recapture pink and green/blue roughy experiment we did last period 12Bio 2010

  12. Last Week’s Simulation?? 12Bio 2010

  13. Sampling methods • Mark and Recapture • Used for highly mobile animals • E.g. Air tags, leg bandings • Observations • Used for rare animals, look for droppings, teeth marks and footprints, look for recorded sightings and observed behaviour • Bell bird (example) 12Bio 2010

  14. Class Data 12Bio 2010

  15. To Do: • On your ‘paper’ read the information in Biozone and Bayley and do the following for each method • Briefly explain each sampling method • Draw a diagram to assist in remembering • What type of organisms is this method best suited for 12Bio 2010

  16. Do Now!! • Why is a transect normally used • What are the various ways of sampling populations with a quadrat • TRENDS quadrat 12Bio 2010

  17. Important sampling methods • Transects: Lines drawn across a habitat. Lines divided into intervals and at each interval the population is sampled. Often used where the distribution of a species is affected by some environmental factor such as tidal movement on rocky shore 12Bio 2010

  18. 12Bio 2010

  19. Quadrats • Quadrats: Sampling units that are placed on the sample area, the organisms in each quadrat are counted. Often used in conjunction with transect line • Direct Count (Purau) • Area Coverage • Quick estimate (data to be used in conjunction with a kite diagram) 12Bio 2010

  20. TO DO... • Go outside and investigate the range of plant species in the field • IMPORTANT that you know how to do this for the internal investigation 12Bio 2010

  21. Review • Why sample? • Explain how you would use a transect line and quadrat as part of a sampling method 12Bio 2010

  22. POPULATIONS!! • What effects population size?? • Think about the type of information that is collected to assist in determining size 12Bio 2010

  23. Where to next... • Population characteristics • Population regulation (abiotic factors n= earthquakes etc... Biotic factors = competition, parasitism etc.. ) 12Bio 2010

  24. Population Characteristics • Population number (size) • Density • Distribution • Age structure • Natality rate (birth rate) • Mortality rate (death rate) • Immigration and emigration • Pg 25-29 bayley • Biozone 278-283 12Bio 2010

  25. To Do: • The seven characteristics of populations are on the PP • You are required to use Biozone and Bayley to take notes on each topic (remember this is for your notes – you will be tested on this information on Monday!) 12Bio 2010

  26. I have, who has!! 12Bio 2010

  27. Cloze Activity • In pairs (without showing each other your peice of paper) fill out the following paragraph • Facing each other • NO papers should be placed on the desk 12Bio 2010

  28. DO NOW!! • Without looking at your notes try and remember the seven characteristics of populations? • Define community • Why might populations have a clumped, random, or uniform distribution? 12Bio 2010

  29. 12Bio 2010

  30. Population Characteristics • Population number (size) • Density • Distribution • Age structure • Natality rate (birth rate) • Mortality rate (death rate) • Immigration and emigration • Pg 25-29 bayley • Biozone 278-283 12Bio 2010

  31. Timed Talking • In pairs you will discuss all the information to date from Ecology • The first person will speak for 1 min, second person 45 sec, 3rd person 30 sec, 4th person 15 • Topics such as: biological organisation, environment, modes of life, tolerance, ecological niche etc. 12Bio 2010

  32. Survivorship curves 1000 TYPE 1 “late loss”e.g. human TYPE 1 TYPE 2 “constant loss”e.g. hydra 500 TYPE 2 Number of survivors per 1000 born TYPE 3“early loss”e.g. oysters TYPE 3 100 50 Relative Age 12Bio 2010

  33. Population Growth • If a species is introduced into a new environment, the growth of the population will give a sigmoidal (or s-shaped) growth curve as it comes into balance with the environment 12Bio 2010

  34. 12Bio 2010

  35. Population Growth • If a species is introduced into a new environment, the growth of the population will give a sigmoidal (or s-shaped) growth curve as it comes into balance with the environment • COPY the diagram and phase notes into your books • What is the difference between a J, S and double J shaped curve? 12Bio 2010

  36. Growth curves – own notes • Two types of growth curves: • “J” curve (or exponential curve) • “S” curve (or logistic curve) • “J” curve applies to a colonising population that has not reached the environment carrying capacity • “S” curve applies to established populations that have reached the environmental carrying capacity (K) 12Bio 2010

  37. Review • What is the difference between a J and S curve in relation to population growth • What is the carrying capacity of an environment? 12Bio 2010

  38. Review • What is the difference between a J and S curve in relation to population growth • Shape  • Whether carrying capacity has been reached or not • What is the carrying capacity of an environment? (maximum size of population able to be sustained in an environment) 12Bio 2010

  39. Starter activity • Entry of organisms into a population from outside • The fraction of organisms surviving over the life spanof the the organism • Death rate • Exit of organisms out of a population • Birth rate • Exponential growth curve of a population that has notmet environmental resistance and has not reachedthe environmental carrying capacity • Natality • Mortality • “J” shaped curve • Emigration • Immigration • Survivorship 12Bio 2010

  40. Population Regulation • Populations are regulated by abiotic and biotic factors • Abiotic: usually density independent factors Affect a popuation regardless of its density!! Earthquakes, volcanoes etc. 12Bio 2010

  41. Population Regulation • Biotic Factors • Refer to living influences on populations • Intraspecific or interspecific • Density dependent (hit harder when population numbers are high) • Usually affect a population in a predictable fashion • Examples: predation, parasitism, natural wastes, and competition (intraspecific and interspecific) 12Bio 2010

  42. TO DO!! - Jigsaw • Group of four = HOME GROUP • Each member will go to an area of the classroom and discuss a part of population regulation with others • You will have 20 minutes to fully understand your topic and become the ‘expert’ 12Bio 2010

  43. To DO!!! • On return to your home group each ‘expert’ will have two minutes of uninterrupted talking where they teach the rest of their home group • Following a topic of discussion the rest of the members will take notes then ask the expert for clarification 12Bio 2010

  44. Biotic: Parasitism • Parasites are organisms that live on or in a live host organism, using the organism as a food supply • Normally host and parasite exist in equilibrium • (diagram to copy into notes from board – ESA guide) 12Bio 2010

  45. Example: Parasitism • Fungus Ceratocystisulmi(Dutch elms disese) eliminated trees in England. Controlling disease means all infected trees to be destroyed. NZ so far protection measures effective. • Fruit fly – parasite on plants – huge threat to NZ horticultural industry. Intensive trapping system and protection mechanisms in place. 12Bio 2010

  46. Biotic: Predation • Predators usually remove the young, old, or unhealthy individuals of a population • We are going to investigate the predator/prey relationship 12Bio 2010

  47. Predator/Prey cycles Snowshoe hare - Lepus americanus Canada Lynx - Lynx canadensis 12Bio 2010

  48. Predator/Prey cycles 12Bio 2010

  49. Biotic: Disease • A pathogen (disease causing organism) introduced into a non-resistant population causes an epidemic!!! • Have drastic effects • E.g. New strain of flu virus introduced into NZ with WW1 returning troops • NZ VERY TOUGH quarantine regulations in the world to prevent disease entering country eg. Foot and mouth disease 12Bio 2010

  50. Biotic: Toxic wastes • Natural toxic wastes limit populations • E.g. MouldPenicilliumproduces penicillin which kills bacteria • E.g. Alcohol produced by yeast limits yeasts populations 12Bio 2010

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