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Learning

Learning. How do we learn through our environment? Classical Conditioning – Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response Operant Conditioning – Consequences increase or decrease the likelihood of a response Social Learning / Cognitive Learning (Modeling) Instincts.

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Learning

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  1. Learning • How do we learn through our environment? • Classical Conditioning – Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response • Operant Conditioning – Consequences increase or decrease the likelihood of a response • Social Learning / Cognitive Learning (Modeling) • Instincts

  2. What is Classical Conditioning? (Pavlov) • Neutral Stimulus (NS) – causes a sensory response but does not produce the reflex • Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) – triggers a physical response • Unconditioned Response(UCR) – Unlearned reflex

  3. What is Classical Conditioning? (Pavlov) • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – Same as neutral stimulus; now produces a response • Conditioned Response (CR)– Similar to the UCR, but lesser in size & amount

  4. Two related events: Stimulus 1 Lightning Stimulus 2 Thunder Result after repetition Stimulus We see lightning Response We wince anticipating thunder Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • We learn to associate two stimuli

  5. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) No salivation During Conditioning After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) CS (tone) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CR (salivation)

  6. UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients

  7. What is Operant Conditioning ?(Skinner) • Rewards/Punishments determine behavior • Reinforcements – increase the likelihood of a response • Punishment – decreases the likelihood of a response

  8. What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect ? • Random actions followed by reward are strengthened and will recur

  9. Can any stimulus result in conditioning? • Generalization – Similar stimuli elicit same response (Little Albert Example) • Discrimination – Only certain stimuli will elicit response

  10. Does conditioning last forever? • Extinction – CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS and eventually will no longer elicit the CR • Spontaneous Recovery – The CR reappears even after an absence of conditioning trials

  11. Can you uncondition learning? • Systematic Desensitization – Blood, needles, snakes, public-speaking • Test anxiety • Treating drug desires • Fear/Anxiety Hierarchy • Greatest Fear • Least Fear

  12. How does operant conditioning work ? • **Shaping – successive reinforcement of approximate behaviors as they lead to the desired behavior goal Application Examples

  13. OPERANT GOAL Increases or Decreases a rate of Response CLASSICAL GOAL Create a new response to a neutral stimulus What’s the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning?**

  14. OPERANT Response Voluntary Emitted by Shaping Contingent upon behavior Reinforced immediately CLASSICAL Response Involuntary Reflex Elicited by Stimulus Conditioned by the Pairing presented slightly before What’s the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning? **

  15. OPERANT Result Behavior depends on Consequences CLASSICAL Result Organism learns a predictable relationship between NS & UCS What’s the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning?**

  16. What is Reinforcement ? • Increases the chance of behavior recurring • Positive – rewards • Negative – removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the positive behavior

  17. What can reinforce us?*** • Primary – food, water, sex …innately satisfying • Secondary – acquires power through experience

  18. What is Punishment ? • Decreases the chance of behavior recurring • Positive – presenting an unpleasant stimulus after a response • Negative – removing a reinforcing stimulus after a response

  19. SPANKING Positive Punishment increases aggression linked to low self-esteem & depression TIME-OUT Negative Punishment fewer side effects Doesn’t model aggression Which will you use as a parent?

  20. SPANKING Only points out what the child should not do Can be used sparing w/ consistency TIME-OUT No severe emotional reactions Combine with teaching alternative desired behaviors & reinforcement Which will you use as a parent?

  21. How does Partial Reinforcement work? • Fixed Ratio • Occurs after a Fixed # of responses • Payment for # of items completed

  22. How does Partial Reinforcement work? • Fixed Interval • Behavior occurs after a fixed interval of time • Surfers riding waves after so many minutes of time

  23. How does Partial Reinforcement work? • Variable Ratio • A different number of responses is required for each reinforcement • Las Vegas Slot Machines

  24. How does Partial Reinforcement work? • Variable Interval • Different amounts of time pass for reinforcements to occur • Bus arrivals (some early, some late)

  25. What must occur for Social Cognitive learning to happen? • Bandura believed that ‘modeling’ is the most powerful learning method • 4 Features • Attention –Observe • Memory – Store the image • Imitation – Ability to perform • Motivation – incentive to imitate Skill vs Performance deficits

  26. What about instincts ? • Abilities evolved for survival (Adaptive Learning) • Imprinting – inherited tendencies • Preparedness - • Taste Aversion • Ethology – study of animal behaviors in natural settings

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